IJBED 2051-848X 2051-8498 https://doi.org/10.24052/IJBED/ 5 Volume 02 Issue 2 2014-07-01 https://www.ijbed.org/cdn/issue_file/Volume%202_Number%202.pdf

49 https://www.ijbed.org/details&cid=49 2014-09-09 Using economic geography concepts, this paper compares four groups of investors to the conflict-affected region of Sri Lanka and critically analyses the key factors that are locking-in and locking-out investment, business development and employment creation. It argues that foreign/Diaspora investors were mostly being influenced by political and social factors, and thus far had not invested significantly in the region. Traders from the non-conflict-affected region of the country had benefitted the most due to opportunistic behaviour, their acceptance of the political realities and the short-term economic opportunities that had opened up. Large investors from outside the region, on the other hand, had either been disappointed with the economic situation or had invested due to a sense of social responsibility and long-term business prospects. Local SMEs within the conflict region were hit hard by the opening of the war-affected economy and have been unable to cope with the change. Political, economic, and social factors had all contributed to their unwillingness and inability to expand their businesses. The paper concludes that the climate for investment must be improved significantly by creating a strong path-creating environment and de-locking investment inhibiting factors. There must be better collaboration amongst different types of businesses and coordination amongst different stakeholders. If done well, enhanced investment and employment. Amin, A. (2001) Moving on: Institutionalism in Economic Geography.Environment and Planning, Vol 33, pp1237-1241 Amin, A. and Thrift, N. (2000) What Kind of Economic Theory for What Kind of Economic Geography? Antipode, Vol 32, No 1, pp4-9 Behrens, K. and Thisse, J.  (2007) Regional Economics: A New Economic Geography Perspective. Regional Science and Urban Economics, Vol 37, pp457-465 Boschma, R. A. and Frenken, K. (2006) Why is Economic Geography not an Evolutionary Science? Towards an Evolutionary Economic Geography. Journal of Economic Geography, Vol 6, pp273-302 Central Bank of Sri Lanka (2006) Economic and Social Statistics of Sri Lanka, Central Bank of Sri Lanka Drahokoupil, J. (2012) Beyond Lock-in versus Evolution, Towards Punctuated Co-Evolution: On Ron Martin’s ‘Rethinking Regional Path Dependence’. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Vol 36, pp166-171 Essletzbichler J. and David L. R. (2007) Exploring Evolutionary Economic Geographies. Journal of Economic Geography, Vol 7, pp549-571 Kusar, S. (2011) The Institutional Approach in Economic Geography: an Applicative View. Hrvatski Geografski Glasnik, Vol 73, No 1, pp39-49 Krugman, P. (1998) the Role of Geography in Development. Paper prepared for the Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics, April 20-21 1998, Washington, D.C. Mackinnon, D., Cumbers, A., Pike, A., Birch, K., and McMaster R., (2009) Evolution in Economic Geography: Institutions, Political Economy and Adaptation. Economic Geography, Vol 85, No 2, pp 129-150 Martin, R. and Simmie, J. (2008) Path Dependence and Local Innovation Systems in City-regions.Innovation: Management, Policy and Practice, Vol 10, pp183-196 Martin, R. and Sunley, P. (2006) Path Dependence and Regional Economic Evolution. Journal of Economic Geography, Vol 6, pp395-437 Nelson, R. (2002) Bringing Institutions into Evolutionary Growth Theory.Journal of Evolutionary Economics, Vol 12, pp17-28 Paasi, A. (1991) Deconstructing Regions: Notes on the Scales of Spatial Life. Environment and Planning, Vol 23, pp239-256 Pelikan, P. (2003) Bringing Institutions into Evolutionary Economics: Another View with Links to Changes in Physical and Social Technologies. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, Vol 13, pp237-258 Pike, A., Birch, K., Cumbers, A., MacKinnon, D., McMaster, R. (2009), A Geographical Political Economy of Evolution in Economic Geography. Economic Geography, Vol 85, No 2, pp175-182 Rodriguez-Pose, A., (2001) Killing Economic Geography with a ‘Cultural Turn’ Overdose. Antipode, Vol 33, No 2, pp 176-182 Sobri, M. M. and Ossai-Igwe, L.E. (2011) The Conceptual Framework of the Effect of Location on Performance of Small Firms. Asian Social Science, Vol 7, No 12, pp110-118 Storper, M. (2011) Why do Regions Develop and Change? The Challenge for Geography and Economics. Journal of Economic Geography, Vol 11, pp333-346 Storper, M. (1997), the Regional World, London: Guilford Press https://www.ijbed.org/cdn/article_file/i-5_c-49.pdf Danura Miriyagalla Investment Lock-in Path dependence Reconciliation Post-conflict Sri Lanka 5509 3 0

50 https://www.ijbed.org/details&cid=50 2014-09-09 Like lot of countries, aggregate consumption constitutes a major portion of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Egypt. Consumption decisions determine savings decisions. In long term growth literature, differences in long term growth had been explained to a large extent by differences in the rates of savings which also determine a country’s investment in productive capacity, human capital and socio-economic infrastructure. In this study, we analyse macroeconomic determinants of savings in Egypt using Ordinary multiple regression. Our results indicate that national savings rate is positively related with real GDP growth rate. This suggests that saving is a positive function of income. The evidence suggests that national savings rate is negatively related with federal debt growth and inflation. This hints towards crowding out of private sector investment through decline in savings rate as a result of government’s indebtedness. Finally, negative association between savings rate and inflation implies that the consumer is rational and makes decisions based on his perceptions when it comes to allocating the lifetime resources over the period of his life. Increase in inflation dampens the incentive to save and people respond rationally which is made evident by the negative sign on inflation coefficient in our model. Abid & Afridi (2010). “Assessing the Household saving Pattern of Urban and Rural Households in District Muzaffarabad.” Pakistan Journal of Life & Social Sciences, Vol 8 (2), pp. 137-141.   Ando, A., Modigliani, F. (1963). “The 'Life Cycle' Hypothesis of Saving: Aggregate implications and tests.” American Economic Review, 55-84. Chaudhry, Imran S., Faridi, M. Zahir, Abbas, Muhammad & Bashir, Farrukh (2010). “Short Run and Long Run Saving Behavior in Pakistan: An Empirical Investigation.” Journal of Money, Investment & Banking, Issue 16, pp. 57-66. Farhan, Muhammad & Akram, Muhammad (2011). “Does Income Level affect Saving Behavior in Pakistan?  An ARDL Approach to Co-integration for Empirical Assessment”. Far East Journals, Vol 3 (3), pp. 62-71.  Friedman, M (1957). “A Theory of the Consumption Function”, Princeton University Press. Hall, R (1978). “Stochastic Implications of the Life-Cycle Permanent Income Hypothesis”, Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 86, No. 6. (Dec., 1978), pp. 971-987. Hussain, M. Aasim (1995). “Long-run Determinants of Private Saving Behavior in Pakistan.” Pakistan Development Review. Vol 34 (4), pp. 1057-1066. Keynes, J. M (1935). “The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money”, New York: Harcourt Brace & World. Nasir, Shahbaz & Khalid, Mahmood (2004). “Saving-Investment behavior in Pakistan: An Empirical Investigation. Pakistan Development Review. Vol 43 (4), pp. 665-682. Rehman, Hafeez-ur, Faridi, M. Zahir & Bashir, Farrukh (2010). Saving Behaviour among Different Income Groups in Pakistan: A Micro Study. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, Vol. 1 No. 10, pp. 17-29. Vincelette, A.Gallina (2006). “Determinants of Saving in Pakistan”, World Bank PREM Working Paper Series, No. SASPR – 10. www.economywatch.com/economic-statistics/country/Egypt https://www.ijbed.org/cdn/article_file/i-5_c-50.pdf Hanaa Abdelaty Hasan Esmail Consumption Savings Permanent Income Hypothesis Random Walk Model Keynes Consumption Function Determinants of Savings. 4925 9 0

51 https://www.ijbed.org/details&cid=51 2014-09-09 The objective of the research is to establish the factors that are responsible to organizational growth level in Dangote group of companies. These factors ranges from market share growth, sales volume growth (turnover), profitability, competitive advantage and share capital size amongst others. Corporate level strategic analysis and choice was adopted with specific emphasis on Boston Consulting Group (BCG) matrix portfolio analysis. Four (4) companies from Dangote conglomerate quoted on the Nigerian Stock Exchange market namely; Dangote Cement Plc, Dangote Flour Plc, Dangote Sugar Refinery Company Plc and National Salt Company of Nigeria Plc were surveyed with a population size of 5060. The sample size survey was 371. 209 respondents from Dangote Cement Company Plc, 75 respondents from Dangote Flour Mill Plc, 48 respondents from Dangote Sugar Refinery Company Plc and 39 respondents from National Salt Company Plc using judgmental and convenience sampling technique. The Quasi-experimental survey technique especially the cross-sectional design method was adopted. The Friedman Ranking test was carried out in testing the formulated hypothesis. The test of the result revealed that there is a relationship between organizational factors such as market share growth, sales volume growth (turnover), profitability growth, effective strategy application, competitive advantage and share capital size and organizational growth in the Dangote Cement Company Plc and Dangote F Aaker, D.A. (1992), Strategic Marketing Management. 3rd Edition, New York; John Wiley and Sons Inc. Andrews, K.R. (1965), The Concept of Corporate Strategy. Homewood; III: Jones – Irwin, P. 28. Ansoff, H.I. (1965), Corporate Strategy. New York: McGraw Hill Publishers. Baridam, D.M. (2001), Research methods in Administrative science. Choba-Port-Harcourt; University of Port-Harcourt Publishing House.  Bateman, T.S. and Snell, S.A. (1999), Management: Building Competitive Advantage. 4th Edition; Boston: Irwin McGraw-Hill Publishers.    Chandler, A. (1962), Strategy and Structure – chapter in the History of the American Enterprise, Cambridge; MA: MIT Press, P. 13. Daft, R.L. (2008), New Era of Management. 2nd Edition, Canada: Thomson Higher Education Publishers. David, R. Fred (2003), Business Policy. Custom Edition; taken from; Strategic Management: concepts cases, 9th edition, Boston: Custom Publishing. Ekinaselu, S.A. and Oyinde, A.I. (2009), Environment of Business in Nigeria. Lagos: Ola Ventures Printers. Glueck, W.F. (1976), Business Policy – Strategy formation and Management Action. New York: McGraw Hill Publishers. Griffins, R.W. (1997), Management. 5th Edition; New Delhi: A.I.T.B.S Publishers and Distributors (Regd). Kazmi, A. (2011), Strategic Management and Business Policy. 3rd Edition; New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill Education Private Limited. Kotler, P. (2000), Marketing Management. The Millennium Edition; New Delhi: Prentice Hall. Mintzberg, H. (1987), “Crafting Strategy” Harvard Business Review, Vol. 65, No. 4, PP. 66-75.       Porter, M. (1980), “Industry Structure and Competitive Strategy: Key to Profitability”, Financial Analysis Journal. Porter, M.E. (1996), “What is Strategy”, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 72, No. 6, PP. 61-78. Thompson, A.A. and Strickland, A.J. (1990), Strategic Management: Concepts and Cases. 5th Edition; Boston: R.R. Donnelly and Sons Company Printers. Yamane, T. (1964), Statistics: An Introductory Analysis. New York: Harper and Row Publishers. https://www.ijbed.org/cdn/article_file/i-5_c-51.pdf Sev Joseph Teryima Angahar Paul Aondona Corporate level strategic analysis Business level strategic analysis Strategic choice Boston Consulting Group (BCG) matrix Corporate portfolio analysis Organizational growth factors Strategic evaluation environmental assessment strategy Competitive analysis corporate strategic planning mu 5823 14 0

52 https://www.ijbed.org/details&cid=52 2014-09-09 This paper seeks to explore the role of financial statements audit in promoting tax revenues growth in Rwanda in the broader perspective. Survey questionnaires as primary data collection instruments were distributed to all audit officers of Rwanda Revenue Authority equalling to 100 staff and followed both analytical research design. Secondary data included reports from Rwanda revenue authority from 2006 to 2010 This paper also examines preliminary empirical results on the relationship between financial statements audit and tax growth this paper supports the notion that the practices of audit of final books of accounts for both small and medium enterprises at institutional level are prerequisite for growth of tax revenues in the country. In conclusion, the results not only have the potential to contribute theoretically to public finance but also to the area of institutional performance. Alam, J. (1988). Compliance casts and the tax avoidance-tax evasion decision, public finance Quarterly, 16: 66 Alm, J. (1988). Uncertain tax policies, individual behavior, and welfare, the American Economic review. Alm, J., Bahl, R., and Murray, M.N. (1993). Audit selection and income tax underreporting in the tax compliance game. Alm,J., Erard, B., and Feinstein, J.S.(1996). The relationship between state and federal tax audits, in empirical Foundations of household taxation. Alm.J., McClelland, G. H., and Schulze, W.D.(1997). Changing the social norm of tax compliance by voting. Bhattacharya, Asish. K. (2007). “Introduction to Financial Statement Analysis”, Elsevier New Delhi, 1st edition, pp.32-45. Brown, Robert E., and Mark J. Mazur. “IRS’s Comprehensive Approach to Compliance Measurement.”Internal Revenue Service, June 2003, pp.4-5. Forum on tax administration’s compliance, 2006, strengthening tax audits capabilities: general principles and approaches. CCA’ paper eight, 2009. Audit and assurance. Chow, Chee W., (1982). “The Demand for External Auditing: Size, Debt and Ownership Influences”, The Accounting Review, Vol. 57, No.2, April, pp. 272-291 Clemency, John. 2002. "Corporate Fraud: Where Should the Buck Really Stop" American Bankruptcy Institute Journal 21 (November). Endrew lymer and John hasseldine 2002, the international taxation system Inland Revenue, 1992, Taxpayer Audit: a guide to Inland Revenue's Taxpayer Audit Programme Inland Revenue, 1992, Taxpayer Audit: a guide to Inland Revenue's Taxpayer Audit Programme John Creedy and Norman  Gemmell 2006, modeling tax revenue growth John Creedy and Norman  Gemmell 2006, modeling tax revenue growth Lan Rattray Tylor, and Leon Kritzinger, 1970. The principles and practice of auditing. Mertens, Jacob, Jr. 1996. Mertens Law of Federal Income Taxation. Rochester, N.Y.: Clark Boardman Callaghan. Pauline Weetman 2010,Introduction to financial accounting Ribstein, Larry. 2002. "Market vs. Regulatory Responses to Corporate Fraud: A Critique of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002." Journal of Corporation Law 28 (fall). RRA’ report 2005. The taxes for development and growth. RRA’ report 2006. The taxes for development and growth. Taxpayer Audit—Development of Effective Plans Prepared by edmund Biber Authorized for distribution by Carlo Cottarelli April 2010 Disclaimer: This Technical Taxpayer Audit—Development of Effective Plans Prepared by edmund Biber Authorized for distribution by Carlo Cottarelli April 2010 DISCLAIMER: This Technical Williams et al, 2006 financial accounting, Mc Grawhill Irwin, 12th edition. https://www.ijbed.org/cdn/article_file/i-5_c-52.pdf Mutarindwa Samuel Rutikanga Jean De Dieu Financial statement audit tax payers taxes revenues growth 5453 2 0

53 https://www.ijbed.org/details&cid=53 2014-09-09 This paper traces the origins of the TRIZ (the theory of inventive solving) from the field engineer technique to management, by exploring not just the benefits associated with TRIZ knowledge and the challenges associated with its acquisition and application based on practical experience. Identifying and appropriately resolving quality improvement problems or effectively evaluating alternatives is a key point. The benefits of applying TRIZ tool to Quality improvements are examined, which it terms contradictions or conflicts. TRIZ recognizes that a novel problem has been integrated to help identify the systems and sub-systems level quality management system for quality improvement. This paper presents using TRIZ to analyze that is useful to identify conflicts of the process of quality improvement in Foxboro, which is necessary to eliminating or reducing the effects factors of the conflicts. Finally, we find that TRIZ has a positive impact on quality improvement process and the potential contribution of quality improvement, while the shortcomings of TRIZ in quality improvement process are discussed. A case study on quality improvement demonstrates the feasibility of applying TRIZ in quality management. Altshuller, G.S. (1984) Creativity as an Exact Science: The Theory of the Solution Inventive Problems . Gordon& Breach Science Publishing, New York. Altshuller, G.S. (1997), 40 Principles: TRIZ keys to technical innovation , trans. and ed. Shulyak, L., Rodman, S. Technical Innovation Center, Worcester, Bowyer, D. (2008), “Evaluation of the effectiveness of TRIZ concepts in non technical problem solving: utilizing a problem solving guide”, PhD thesis, Pepperdine University, Malibu. Bruhl, R., Horch, N. and Osann, M. (2010), “Improving integration capabilities with management control”, European Journal of Innovation Management, 13 ( 4),385-408. Bowers, M.R. (1989) Developing new services: Improving the process makes it better. The Journal of Service Marketing, 3(1),15–20. Congram, C. and Epelman, M. (1995) How to describe your service: An invitation to the structured analysis and design technique. International Journal of Service Industry Management, 6(2),6–23. Duran-Novoa, R., Leon, N., Aguayo, H. and Said, D. (2011), “Inventive problem solving based on dialectical negation, using evolutionary algorithms and TRIZ heuristics”, Journal of Computers in Industry, 62, 437-445. Eversheim, W. (2009), Innovation Management for Technical Products: Systematic and Integrated Product Development and Production Planning. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg. Ericson, A., Bertoni, M. and Larsson, T. (2009), “Needs and requirements – how TRIZ may be applied in product-service development”, paper presented at Second Nordic Conference on Product Lifecycle Management – NordPLM’09, Goteborg, January 28-29. Elies Jones, Darrell Mann, David Harrison and Neville A. Stanton (200), Eco-innovation case study of domestic dishwashing through the application of TRIZ tools, creativity and innovation management, Blackwell publishers 10(3), 3-14 Fresner, J., Janstchgi, J., Birkel, S., Barntharel, J. and Krenn, Ch. (2010), “The theory of inventive problem solving (TRIZ) as option generation tool within cleaner production projects”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 18 ( 2), 128-136. Gadd, K. (2011), TRIZ for Engineers: Enabling Inventive Problem Solving, Wiley, London. Hipple, J. (2005), “40 inventive principles with examples for chemical engineering”, TRIZ Journal,June, available at: http:// www.triz-journal.com/archives/2005/06/06.pdf Jun Zhang, Kah-Hin Chai &Kay-Chuan Tan (2005), applying TRIZ to Service Conceptual Design: an exploratory study, creativity and innovation management, Blackwell publishers,14,3, 34-42 Kim, J., Kim, J., Lee, Y., Lim, W. and Moon, I.I. (2009), “Application of TRIZ creativity intensification approach to chemical process safety”, Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 22(6), 1039-1043. Kelly, D. and Storey, C. (2000). New service development: initiation strategies. International Journal of Service Industry Management, 11(1), 45–62. Low, M.K., Trond L., Kathryn W. and Odd, M. (2001) Manufacturing a green service: Engaging the TRIZ model of innovation. IEEE Transactions on Electronic Packaging Manufacturing, 24(1). Li, T. (2010), “Applying TRIZ and AHP to develop innovative design for automated assembly systems”, International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 46 ,1-4,301-313. Mann, D. and Domb, E. (2001) Using TRIZ to Overcome Business Contradictions: Profitable E-Commerce. TRIZ Journal, April. Marsh, D., Waters, F. and Mann, D. (2002) Using TRIZ to Resolve Educational Delivery Conflicts Inherent to Expelled Students in Pennsylvania. TRIZ Journal, November. San, Y.T., Jin, Y.T. and Li, S.C. (2009), Theory of Inventive Problem Solving TRIZ, Systematic Innovation in Manufacturing, Firstfruits Sdn. Bhd., Petaling Jaya. Sreebalaji, V.S. and Saravanan, R. (2009), “Advanced electrical discharge machining and TRIZ”, TRIZ Journal, June, available at: http://www.triz-journal.com/archives/2009/06/02 Terninko, J. (2001), “40 inventive principles with social examples”, TRIZ Journal, June, available at: http:// www.triz-journal.com/archives/2001/06/a/index.htm Tennant, G. (2003)TRIZ for Six Sigma. Mulbury SixSigma, available at: http://www.sixsigmatriz.com/TRIZ_ebook.htm. Zhang, J. and Shang, J. (2010),  “Research on developing environmental protection industry based on TRIZ theory”, Procedia Environmental Sciences, ,2, 1326-1334. Zeithaml, V.A. and Bitner, M.J. (2000) Services marketing: integrating customer focus across the firm. Irwin/McGraw Hill, Boston, MA. Zhang, J., Chai, K.H. and Tan, K.C. (2003) 40Inventive Principles with Applications in Service Operations Management. TRIZ Journal, December. https://www.ijbed.org/cdn/article_file/i-5_c-53.pdf GUO Yan SUN Ming-Gui XU Ming TRIZ Quality improvement Case Study 6456 10 0

54 https://www.ijbed.org/details&cid=54 2014-09-09 This study aimed to analyze the impact of the size of domestic working labour force, real gross domestic capital formation, real domestic exports and imports of goods and services, and political instability on real gross domestic product( RGDP) in Palestine during the period of 1994 -2013. To examine the empirical relationship between these explanatory variables and real (GDP) growth the study adopted a standardized Cobb- Douglas production function by using the annual official data of the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), and applying the Ordinary least Square method (OLS) and Second Order Auto Correlation Techniques. The empirical results of the model applied indicated that there is a positive relationship between the size of domestic working labour force, real gross domestic capital formation, real domestic exports and real gross domestic product( RGDP), and a negative relationship between real domestic imports of goods and services, and political instability and the real growth of (GDP). The study suggested several recommendations that can boost the level of growth, among them the most important one, is the urgent need for more investment in the economy as it leads to more formation of domestic capital which can count more in terms of economic growth in many ways. Abu-Eider, Omar. Mahmoud, 2013. Palestinian Exports Performance and Its Impact on Economic Growth: An Econometric Study During The Period (1994 - 2011).Alazhar University Journal , Humanities Series, Vol 15 , No 1,  pp 347-376, Gaza. AL-Raimony,Ahmad.Diab, 2011. The Determinants of Economic Growth in Jordan. Abhath Al-Yarmouk, Humanities and Social Sciences Series, Volume 27, Number 3,PP 2297-2305. Anton, Dobronogov & Farrukh, lqbal , 2005. Economic Growth in Egypt: Constraints and Determinants. Middle East and North Africa ,The World Bank , Office of the Chief  Economist, Working Paper Series No. 42, October. Auerbach A., Hassett K. & Oliner S, 1994.Reassessing the social returns to equipment Investment. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 109, 789-802. Barro, R. 1990.Government Spending in a Simple Model of Endogenous Growth. Journal of  Political Economy 98, S103-S125. Barro, R. 1991.Economic Growth in a Cross Section of Countries. Quarterly Journal of  Economics, 106(2), 407-43. Barro, R. & McCleary, R. 2003. Religion and Economic Growth. NBER Working Paper no.  9682. Barro, R. & Sala, Martin X. 1995.Economic Growth. New York, McGraw-Hill. Barro, Robert J. 1996. Determinants of  Economic Growth: A Cross Country Empirical Study NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH,(NBER) Working Paper 5698,1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138,August . Bloom, D. & Williamson J. 1998. Demographic Transitions and Economic Miracles in Emerging Asia. World Bank Economic Review 12, 419-56. Bosworth, B., & Collins, S.1998. Accounting for Economic Growth. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institute. Brander, J. & Dowrick, S. 1994. The Role of Fertility and Population in Economic Growth: Empirical Results from Aggregate Cross-National Data. Journal of Population Economics 7, 1-25. Brunetti, A. Kisunko G.& Weder, B. 1998. Credibility of Rules and Economic Growth: Evidence from a Worldwide Survey of the Private Sector. The World Bank Economic Review 12(3):353–84.  Brunetti, A. 1997. Political variables in cross-country growth analysis. Journal of Economic Surveys, 11, 2,163-190. Dawoodi & Almnn. 2001. Demographic Factors and the Economic Growth  of the Palestinian  Economy in the Long- run. Roza , at el, 2001, pp 125. Dollar, D. 1992. Outward-Oriented Developing Economies Really Do Grow More Rapidly:  Evidence from 95 LDCs, 1976-1985.. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 40, 3, 523-44. Dollar, D. & Kraay, A. 2000. Trade, Growth and Poverty. The World Bank Development Research Group, Washington, (mimeo). Easterly, W. 2001.The elusive quest for growth: economists’ adventures and misadventures in the topics. Cambridge MA: MIT Press. 19- Edwards, S. 1998. Openness, Productivity and Growth: What Do We Really Know?.  Economic Journal,108, 383-398. Fisher, S. 1993. The Role of Macroeconomic Factors in Growth. Journal of Monetary  Economics, 32, 485- 512. Gallup, J., Sachs, J. & Mellinger, A. 1999. Geography and Economic Development. International Regional Science Review. 22 (2), 179-232. Granovetter, M. 1985.Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness. American Journal of Sociology, 91(3), pp. 481-510. Hall, R. & Jones, C. 1998. Why do Some Countries Produce so Much More Output than Others. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 114,. 1,. 83-116. Hamdan, Bader. Shhada. 2013. The Effect Employment on Economic Growth in Palestine.Alazhar University Journal , Humanities Series, Vol 15 , No 1,  pp 23-52, Gaza. Hamdan, Bader . Shhada.2012. Analysis of Growth Sources in Palestinian Economy (1995 – 2010), Master Thesis, Administration & Economic College, Alazhar University, Gaza. IMF.2011.Macroeconomic and Fiscal Framework for the West Bank and Gaza. Jutting, J. 2003. Institutions and Development: A Critical Review. OECD Development  Center, Working Paper 210. Kaldor, N. 1970. The Case for Regional Policies. Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 17, 337-348. Kalemli-Ozcan, S. 2002. Does the Mortality Decline Promote Economic Growth?. Journal of Economic Growth, 7, pp. 411-439. Kelley, A. & Schmidt, R. 1995.Aggregate Population and Economic Growth Correlations:  The Role of the Components of Demographic Change. Demography, 32, 543-55. Knack, S. & Keefer, P. 1995. Institutions and Economic Performance: Cross-Country Tests Using Alternative Institutional Measures. Economics and Politics 7(3), 207-227. Knack, S. & Keefer, P. 1997. Does social capital have an economic impact? A cross-country investigation. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112, 4,1252-88. Kormendi, R.& Meguire, P. 1985. Macroeconomic determinants of growth: cross-country Evidence.  Journal of Monetary Economics,16, 4, 141-63. Lensink, R. 2001. Financial development, uncertainty and economic growth. De Economist, 149 (3), 299-312. Lensink, R., Bo H. & Sterken, E. 1999. Does Uncertainty Affect Economic Growth? An    Empirical Analysis. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 135,.379-396. Lensink, W. & Morrissey, O. 2006. Foreign Direct Investment: Flows, Volatility and the Impact on Growth. Review of International Economics, 14, 3, 478-493. Levine, R. &D.Renelt.1992. A Sensitivity Analysis of Cross-Country Growth Regressions. American Economic Review 82(4), 942-63. Lichtenberg, F. 1992. R&D Investment and International Productivity Differences. NBER Working Paper, No. 4161. Lipset, S. 1959. Some Social requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and . Journal  of Monetary Economics, 22, 3- 42. Lucas, R. 1988. On the Mechanics of Economic Development. Journal of Monetary  Economics, 22, 3- 42. Makhole, B . 2001. Economic Growth and Employment in West Bank and Gaza.Arabic Journal of Economic Studies, No 26. Mankiw, N., Romer, D. & Weil, D. 1992. A Contribution to the Empirics of Economic  Growth. Quarterly Journal of Economics 107, 2, 407-437. Martin, N. A. 1997. International Trader: More Trouble could be in the Cards for Hong Kong’s Jittery Stock Market. Barren’s, 77 (39), 8-9. Matthews, R. 1986. The economics of institutions and the sources of growth. The Economic Journal, 96,903-18. Myrdal, G. 1957. Economic theory and underdeveloped regions. Hutchinson Publications. North, D. 1990. Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. Cambridge:  Cambridge University Press. Palestine Economic Policy Research Institute (MAS),. Economic& Social Monitor", severaleditions,(1994-2013). Ram Allah , Palestine. Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics(PCBS). Foreign Trade Statistics, several editions,(1994-2013). Ram Allah , Palestine. Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics  (PCBS). Key Economic Indicators in West Bank and Gaza Strip, several editions,(1994-2013). Ram Allah , Palestine. Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics  (PCBS). labour force survey, several editions.(1994-2013). Ram Allah , Palestine. Petrakos , George . Arvanitidis, Paschalis. & Pavleas, Sotiris.2007. Determinants of  Economic Growth: The Experts’ View", DYNREG Dynamic Regions in a Knowledge Driven Global Economy Lessons and Policy Implications for the EU, WORKING PAPERS ,No 20. Podrecca, E. & Carmeci, G. 2001.Fixed Investment and Economic Growth: New results on Causality. Applied Economics 33, 177-182. Pritchett, L. 2001. Where has all the education gone?. World Bank Economic Review, 15, 367-91. Romer, P. 1986. Increasing Returns and Long Run Growth. Journal of Political Economy,.94, 2, 1002-1037. Sala-i-Martin, X. 1997.I Just Ran Two Million Regressions. American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings, 87(2), 178-183. Solow, R. 1956. A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth. Quarterly Journal of Economics 70, 65-94. Ulku, H. 2004. R&D Innovation and Economic Growth: An Empirical Analysis. IMF  Working Paper 185. Zak, P. & Knack, S. 2001.Trust and growth. The Economic Journal, 111, 295-32   https://www.ijbed.org/cdn/article_file/i-5_c-54.pdf Omar Mahmoud Abu-Eideh Economic Growth Domestic Working Labour Force Gross Domestic Capital Formation Domestic Exports and Imports 8524 3 10

55 https://www.ijbed.org/details&cid=55 2014-09-09 The long years of marketing practices in the Nigerian banking industry has recorded low level standards relative to global standard practice. The effect on the overall industry performance measurable basically in terms of customer satisfaction, customer loyalty and brand equity has been on the negativity. In some cases, banks overall performance level was never assessed based on customer orientation, value and other customer related measures rather on some quick financial indicators. This poor orientation towards marketing has rather become a forgone especially in the banking area of financial services in Nigeria. This study was therefore conducted to examine the changing trend towards embracing marketing philosophy and the extent of the banks’ performance level in response to changing expectations of customers. Theoretical issues relating marketing, customer philosophy, financial marketing, customer loyalty, satisfaction, and brand equity were explored to establish the key performance variables and the existing relationships amongst them. Empirical study was equally carried out with the use of questionnaire, administered on randomly selected banks’ customers and management staff. Data collected were analyzed on the basis of critical measures which include customer awareness, market sensitivity to financial delivery, customer profile and sophistication through the use of Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient. The result among other things shows that there is Afolabi, I.(2008),”Marketing of Banking Services in Nigeria”. ‘The Nigerian Banker’, vol.8  no 2,  pp.5-8. Alfred, A. T. and Addams, H. J.(2000), “Service Quality at Banks and Credit Unions; What  do their customers say?” International Journal of Bank Marketing, vol. 8, No. 4/5, pp.200-208. Brassington, F. and Pettitt, S. (2006), Principles of marketing, 4th edition, Essex: Pearson Education Limited. Chartered Institute of Marketing, London (2010), Study Text on Managing Marketing, London: BPP Learning Media Ltd. Dixit, V. C. (2004),  ‘Marketing Bank Products’, IBA Bulletin, April edition, pp.15 Eketete, P. P. (2005), “Marketing of Financial Services; a case study of selected banks in Nigeria”, ‘Pakistan Economic and Social Review’ vol. XLIII, No.2, pp271-287. Etzel, M. J. , Walker, B.J. and Stanton, W. J. (2002), Marketing, USA: Irwin / Mc-Graw Hill. Fergeson, C. K. (2004), “Ethical Banking” ABA Banking Journal, Vol.96, Issue 6 (June)  ,pp.14. Furst, K. Lang, W.  Nolle, D. (2002), “Internet Banking,” Journal of financial Services Marketing, Vol.22,  Issue 1/2  pp.95. Hall, R.  (2004), “Getting Big Without Getting Better” ABA Banking Journal, Vol 36,  Issue   2, pp. 18-19 Harrinson, T. (2000),  Financial Services Marketing, Essex: Pearson Education Ltd., pp. 55-57 Kotler, P.  (2004), Marketing Management, 12th edition, New York: Macmillan Publishing. Kumar, K., Subramanian, R. and Strandholm, K.(2002), “Market Orientation and Performance: Does Organisational Strategy Matter?” Journal of Applied Business Research, vol.18,  No.1,  pp.37-50. Macey, J. R. (2006), “Commercial Banking and Democracy; The illusive quest for deregulation” Yale Journal on Regulation,  Vol.23,  issue 1. Mckinley, E. (2005) “Opt Out? Offer Reach Record High”, Credit Card Management Vol. 18 Issue 1,  pp.18. Okigbo, P. N. C. (2001), The Nigerian Financial System, Structure and Growth, 4th edition,  Lagos: Longman Group Ltd.,  pp.20. Pleshko,L. P. and Souldeen, N. (2002), “The Profit Effects of Product-Market Growth  Strategy: A Financial Service Example”, ‘Journal of financial services marketing, Vol.7, pp.258-262 Uppal, R. K. (2010), “Marketing of bank Products”, JM International Journal ofManagement Research, ISSN 2229-4562. Wilson, J. O. S.  and Williams, J. M. ( 2002), “The Size and Growth of Banks: Evidence From Four European Countries”, “Applied Economics”, Vol. 32, No. 9, pp.110 https://www.ijbed.org/cdn/article_file/i-5_c-55.pdf Abiodun Eniola Alao George Oludare Diyaolu Afolabi Moruf Afuape Marketing Customer Philosophy Financial Services Banking Industry and performance 5867 3 0

56 https://www.ijbed.org/details&cid=56 2014-09-09 India is among the most rapidly developing economies in Asia. It is also among the largest emerging economies because of the high growth rate in GDP that it has experienced in the past two decades. It has significantly high poverty levels with most people living in agrarian, rural communities. Developments in agriculture have enabled the country to overcome high poverty levels and food scarcity. This paper focuses on the use of rural financing in Northern India for poverty alleviation through agriculture. The paper addresses the use of different models of rural financing in India. It shows the significance of cooperative banks and self-help groups in availing credit to rural farmers. The findings highlight weaknesses in the system and show how it has been ineffective in addressing challenges facing farmers in Northern India. It also indicates that many farmers rely on sellers of seeds, equipment, and chemicals for credit in order to meet their needs. This is ineffective because of inaccessibility and high transaction costs. BCCI (Bombay Chamber of Commerce and Industry). (2008). Revitalising the farm sector. Background paper to Agricorp 2008: Revitalising the Indian Farm Sector. Mumbai. Bhandari, A. K. (2009). Access to Banking Services and Poverty Reduction: A State-wise Assessment in India. IZA Discussion Paper No. 4132. Bonn: Institute for the Study of Labor. Chand, R. (2004). Agricultural Growth during the reforms and liberalization: issues and concerns. Policy Brief 20. New Delhi: National Centre for Agricultural Economics and Policy Research. Development Alternatives, Inc. (2005). Opening Markets Through Strategic Partnerships: The Alliance Between ICICI Bank and Cashpor. Washington, DC: USAID. EPWRF. (2007). Rural credit structure needs genuine revitalization. Economic and Political Weekly, 42 (20), 1802-1808. Fulton, M. E., klein, k. K., Lerman, Z., et al. (2009). International Agricultural Cooperatives. Management of Agricultural, Forestry, and Fisheries Enterprises, 1, 1-22. Government of India (GOI). (2012). Annual Report 2011-12. New Delhi: Ministry of Finance, Government of India. GOI. (2007). Economic Survey. New Delhi: Government of India. GOI. (2006). Economic Survey. New Delhi: Economic Division, Ministry of Finance. Gupta, A. D. (2012). Rajbanshi People of northern West Bengal: Access to Micro-Credit. Darjeeling: Department of Anthropology, University of North Bengal. Hance, J. (2009). Northern India’s water is vanishing due to agriculture, human consumption. Retrieved Oct 6, 2013, from http://news.mongabay.com/2009/0812-hance_india_water.html Littlefield, E., Brigit, H., & Porteous, D. (2006). Financial Inclusion 2015: Four Scenarios for the Future of Microfinance. CGAP Focus Note No 39. Mansuri, B. (2010). Microfinancing Through Self Help Groups- A Case Study Of Bank Linkage Programme Of NABARD. APJRBM, 1 (3), 141-151. Mohan, R. (2006). Agricultural credit in India: Status, issues and future agenda. Economic and Political Weekly, 41 (11), 1013-1021. Mudgal, R. (2006). Poverty Alleviation and Rural Development. New Delhi: Sarup & Sons. NABARD. (2008). Annual Report 2007-08. Mumbai: National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development. Prato, B., & Longo, R. (2012). Empowerment of poor rural people through initiatives in agriculture and natural resource management. International Fund for Agricultural Development. Satyasai, K. J., & Viswanathan, K. U. (2008). Restructuring the co-operative credit system through integration of short-term and long-term structures. Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 53 (3), 478-487. Satyasai, K. (2008). Rural Credit Delivery in India: Structural Constraints and Some Corrective Measures. Agricultural Economics Research Review, 21, 387-394. World Bank. (2007). Introducing Savings in Micro Credit Institutions: When and How”?. CGAP Focus Note, consultative Group to assist the poorest of the poor. Washington, D.C.: Author. Zwerdling, D. (2009). India's Farming 'Revolution' Heading For Collapse. Retrieved Oct 6, 2013, from http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=102893816 https://www.ijbed.org/cdn/article_file/i-5_c-56.pdf Nadia Yusuf Agriculture Farmers Finance Rural Loans Northern India. 5005 4 0

57 https://www.ijbed.org/details&cid=57 2014-09-09 Indonesia faces unique challenges in developing an appropriate electricity policy to deal with its underdeveloped regions. This paper attempts to explore some spatial patterns of electricity consumption in 14 PLN’s distributive regions over the period of 1993-2010. Our analysis pioneers the study of Indonesia's electricity consumption and regional development that incorporates geography. Discriminant analysis proves to be useful as the basis to integrate the formulation of regional electricity development policy. The findings suggest that Indonesia needs development policies that incorporate regional variations in terms of population, industrialisation, electricity development and poverty. More importantly, Indonesia can enhance the performance of regions by taking into account the spatial dimension of population, industrialisation, electricity development and poverty. Our findings offer some insights into the spatial aspect of Indonesia's electricity consumption and regional development. Adams, J. and Pigliaru, F., 1999. Economic growth and change: national and regional patterns of convergence and divergence. Economia Politica, 3: 509-511. Altinay, G. and Karagol, E., 2005. Electricity consumption and economic growth: evidence from Turkey. Energy Economics,  27: 849-856. Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS), 2011a. Produk Domestik Regional Bruto atas dasar harga konstan 2000 menurut provinsi, 2004-2010 [Regional gross domestic products based on constant price 2000 by provinces, 2004-2010], Retrieved July 25, 2012, from http://www.bps.go.id/tab_sub/view.php?kat=2&Table=1&daftar=1&id_subyek=52&notab=2. Baldwin, E.D., Thraen, C.S., and Larson, D.W. 1984. A discriminant analysis of grain market structure in selected states of the South and Cornbelt. Southern Journal of Agricultural Economics, December: 117-125. BPS, 2011b. 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Multivariate Analysis Methods and Application. New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc. Fujita, M, Krugman, P, and Venables, A.J., 1999. The Spatial Economy: Cities, Regions and International Trade. Cambridge, MA.: MIT Press. Granger, C. W. J., 1969. Investigating Causal Relation by Econometric Models and Cross-Spectral Methods. Econometrica, 37(3): 424-438. Granger, C. W. J. and Newbold, P., 1974. Spurious regressions in econometrics. Journal of Econometrics, 2: 111-120. Harsono, T. D. and Kuncoro, M., 2013. Electricity consumption and economic growth: a causality evidence from six economic corridors of Indonesia, 1984-2010, International Journal of Business, Economics and Law, 2: 33-55.Hill, H., 1989. Unity and Diversity: Regional Economic Development in Indonesia Since 1980. Singapore: Oxford University Press.  Koperski, K., and Han, J. 1995. Discovery of spatial association rules in geographic information databases. 4th international symposium on large spatial databases (SSD’95). Portland, Maine. Krugman, P., 1995. Development, Geography, and Economic Theory. Cambridge and London: The MIT Press. Krugman, P., 1991. Geography and Trade. Cambridge MA: MIT Press. Kuncoro, M., 2004. Otonomi dan Pembangunan Daerah [Regional Autonomy and Development]. Jakarta: Erlangga. Kuncoro, M., 2012a. Perencanaan Daerah: Bagaimana Membangun Ekonomi Lokal, Kota, dan Kawasan [Regional Planning: How to Develop Local Economy, Cities and Zones]. Jakarta: Salemba Empat. Kuncoro, M., 2012b. Ekonomika Aglomerasi: Dinamika dan Dimensi Spasial Kluster Industri Indonesia [Economics of Agglomeration: Dynamics and Spatial Dimension of Indonesia’s Industrial Clusters]. Yogyakarta: UPP STIM YKPN. Kuncoro, M., 2013a. Economic geography of Indonesia: can MP3EI reduce inter-regional inequality? South East Asia Journal of Contemporary Business,Economics, and Law,2(2):17-33. Kuncoro, M., 2013b. Economic geography of small and cottage industrial clusters in Java Island Indonesia. 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Energy Policy, 33: 1627-1632. Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S., 1996. Using Multivariate Statistics (3rd ed.). New York: Harper Collins. Yunusa, A.J.,  Salako, A.E., and Oladejo, O. A. 2013. Morphometric characterization of Nigerian indigenous sheep using multifactorial discriminant analysis. International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation, 5(10), pp. 661-665, Retrieved July 1, 2014, from http://www.academicjournals.org/IJBC. https://www.ijbed.org/cdn/article_file/i-5_c-57.pdf Timotius D. Harsono Mudrajad Kuncoro Electricity Consumption GRDP Discriminant Analysis Regions Economic Corridor 5472 3 0

58 https://www.ijbed.org/details&cid=58 2014-09-09 Globalization, deregulation and technological improvements have resulted in increase in M&A across the globe. There is enormous literature existing in the advanced economies. However, very little information is available regarding M&A in India. Various sectors have witnessed differential involvement in M&A activity indicating higher participation by some. Particularly, certain sectors such as financial services and pharmaceuticals demonstrate higher M&A activity. To emphasise differential importance of sectors in M&A activity, it is necessary to conduct a sector-wise analysis. Accordingly, this study attempts to investigate the differential representation of various sectors in M&A. Further, it explores the role played by India in the rising global M&A activity. In light of this, it specifies the factors driving consolidation in the financial sector globally. Agarwal, M. (2002), Analyses of Mergers in India, Unpublished Thesis, University of Delhi Agarwal, M. (2006), “Mergers and Acquisitions in India: Implications for Competition”, in A Functional Competition Policy for India, Ed. P.S. Mehta, Academic Foundation Agarwal, M. And A. Bhattacharjea (2006), “Mergers in India: A response to Regulatory Shocks”, Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, Vol. 42(3), pp. 46-65 Amel, D., C. Barnes, F. Panetta and C. Salleo (2004), “Consolidation and Efficiency in the Financial Sector: A Review of the International Evidence”, Journal of Banking & Finance, Vol. 28(10), pp. 2493-519 Andrade, G., Mitchell, M. and E. Stafford (2001), “New Evidence and Perspective on Mergers”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 15, pp. 103-120 Armour, J., J.B. Jacobs, and C.J. Milhaupt (2011), “The Evolution of Hostile Takeover Regimes in Developed and Emerging Markets: An Analytical Framework”, Harvard International Law Journal, Vol. 52(1), pp. 221-84 Banaji, J. (2005), “Thwarting the market for corporate control: Takeover regulation in India” in Queen Elizabeth’s House’s 50th Birthday Conference Basant, R. and S. Morris (2000), “Competition Policy in India: Issues for a Globalising Economy, Project Report Submitted to Ministry of Industry, Government of India, New Delhi Basant, R. (2000), “Corporate Response to Economic Reforms”, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 35(10), pp. 813-22 Beck, T. and R. Levine (2002), “Stock Markets, Bank and Growth: Panel Evidence”, Journal of Banking and Finance, Vol. 28(3), pp. 423-42  Beena, P.L. (2001), “An Analysis of Mergers in the Private Corporate Sector in India”, Working Paper No. 301, Centre for Development Studies, Trivandrum Beena, P.L. (2008), “Trends and Perspectives on Corporate Mergers in Contemporary India”, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 43(39), pp. 48-56 Berger, A.N., R.S. Demsetz and P.E. Strahan (1999), “The Consolidation of the Financial Services Industry: Causes, Consequences and Implications for the future”, Journal of Banking and Finance, Vol. 23(2-4), pp. 135-94 Bhagwati, J. (2003), “Globalization with a Human Face”, Presented at The Future of Globalization: Explorations in the Light of Recent Turbulence, Yale Centre for the Study of Globalization and the World Bank Blum, D., K. Federmair, G. Fink, and P. Haiss (2002), “The Financial - Real Sector Nexus: theory and Empirical Evidence”, IEF Working Paper No. 43 Chandrasekhar, C.P. and P. Parthapratim (2006), “Financial Liberalisation in India: An Assessment of its Nature and Outcomes”, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 41(11), pp.  975-88 Chary, D. T. and I. A. Pawar (2011), “Global Financial Imbalances- An Indian Perspective”, in Impact of Globalisation on Indian Economy, Ed., P. Rangalingam, Serial Publications Claessens, S. and D. Klingebiel (2001), “Competition and Scope of Activities in Financial Services”, World Bank Research Observer, Vol. 16(1), pp. 19-40 Cummins, J.D., S.L. Tennyson and M.A Weiss (1999), “Consolidation and Efficiency in U.S. Life Insurance Industry”, Journal of Banking and Finance, Vol. 23(2-3), pp. 325-57 Dholakia, B. H. (1998), “Financial Crisis in East Asia: A Macroeconomic Perspective”, Vikalpa, Vol. 23(4), pp. 35-50 Focarelli, D., F. Panetta and C. Salleo (2002), “Why Do Banks Merge?”, Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Vol. 34(4), pp. 1047-66 Gomes, A. (2004), “The Banking Firm, Competition and Growth: Overview of the Literature”, Working Paper in Economics, No. 3, Universidade de Aveiro Hagendorff, J. and K. Keasey (2009), “Post Merger Strategy and Performance: Evidence from the US and European Banking Industries”, Accounting & Finance, Vol. 49(4), pp. 725-51 Hawkins, J. and D. Mihaljek (2001), “The Banking Industry in the Emerging Market Economies: Competition, Consolidation and Systemic Stability: An Overview”, Background Paper No. 4, Bank for International Settlement Hopner, M. And G. Jackson (2006), “Revisiting the Mannesmann takeover: How markets for Corporate Control emerge”, European Management Review, Vol. 3, pp. 142-55 How, J.C.Y, Y.K. Phung and P. Verhoeven (2005), “Accuracy of Analysts Earnings Forecasts: Evidence from Mergers and Acquisitions in Australia”, Journal of Accounting and Finance, Vol. 1, pp. 67-80 Jawa, R. (2009), Mergers, Acquisitions and Corporate Restructuring in India: Procedures and Case Studies, New Century Publications Kar, R.N. (2006), Mergers and Acquisitions of Enterprises: Indian and Global Experiences, New Century Publications Karunagaran, A. (2011), “Interconnectedness of Banks and NBFCs in India: Issues & Policy Implications”, RBI Working Paper No. 21, Reserve Bank of India Kaur, P. (2012), Mergers in India Exploiting Financial Synergies, Academic Foundation Khandelwal, A.K. (2006), “Universal Banking: Solution for India’s Financial Challenges”, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 61(7), pp. 969-74 King, R.G. and R. Levine (1993), “Finance and Growth: Schumpeter might be Right”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 108(3), pp. 717-37 Kohers, T., M. Huang and N. Kohers (2000), “Market Perception of Efficiency in Bank Holding Company Mergers: The Roles of DEA and SFA models in Capturing Merger Potential”, Review of Financial Economics, Vol. 9(2), pp. 101-120 Kohn, M.G. (2009), Financial Institutions and Markets, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press Krugman, P. (2009), The Return of Depression Economics And the Crisis of 2008, W.W. Norton & Company Ltd. Kumar, R.B. and P. Rajib (2007), “Characteristics of Merging Firms in India: An Empirical Examination”, Vikalpa, Vol. 32(1), pp. 27-44 Kumar, N. (2000), “Mergers and Acquisitions by MNEs: Patterns and Implications”, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 35(32), pp. 2851-58 Kuznets, S. (1966), Modern Economic Growth, New Haven, CT, Yale University Press Leathers, C.G. and J.P. Raines (2004), “The Schumpeterian Role of Financial Innovations in the New Economy’s Business Cycle”, Cambridge Journal of Economics, Vol. 28(5), pp. 667-81 Levine, R. (1997), “Financial Development and Economic Growth: Views and Agenda”, Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. 35(2), pp. 688-726 Levine, R., N. Loayza., T. Beck (2000), “Financial Intermediation and Growth: Causality and Causes”, Journal of Monetary Economics, Vol. 46(1), pp. 31-77 Llewellyn, D. T. (1999), “The New Economics of Banking”, SUERF Studies, No. 5, Amsterdam Mantravadi, P. and A.V. Reddy (2008), “Post Merger Performance of Acquiring Firms from Different Industries in India”, International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, Vol. 22, pp. 193-204 Mathew, S. J. (2007), “Hostile Takeovers in India: New Prospects, Challenges and Regulatory Opportunities”, Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2007(3), pp. 801-43 Mishra, P. and T. Chandra (2010), “Mergers, Acquisitions and Firms Performance: Experience of Indian Pharmaceutical Industry”, Eurasian Journal of Business and Economics, Vol. 3(5), pp. 111-26 Mohan, T.T.R. (2005), “Bank Consolidation: Issues and Evidence”, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 40(12), pp. 1151-61 Mohan, R. (2006), “Financial Sector Reforms in India, Policies and Performance Analysis”, in Financial Sector Reforms - An Indian Perspective Ed. T.D. Chaudhuri, ICFAI University Press Panagriya, A. (2004), The Miracles of Globalisation, Yale University Press Phillipon, T. (2008), “Why has the Financial Sector Grown so much? The Role of Corporate Finance, NBER Working Paper No. 13405 Raju, M.T. and L.S. Deepthi (2004), “Market for Corporate Control and Takeover Regulations: Trend and Analysis”, SEBI Working Paper No. 10 Ramaswamy, V.S. and S. Namakumari (1999), Strategic Planning - Formulation of Corporate Strategy, Macmillan Ramu, S.S. (1998), Corporate Growth Through Mergers and Acquisitions, Response Books Rangarajan, C. (2009), India: Monetary Policy, Financial Stability and Other Essays, Academic Foundation, New Delhi Report for Discussion at the Tripartite Meeting on the Employment Impact of Mergers and Acquisitions in the Banking and Financial Services Sector”, International Labour Office, Geneva, 2001 Report on Consolidation in the Financial Sector, Group of Ten (2001), Bank for International Settlement: Basel, Switzerland  Reuvid, J. (2007), Mergers & Acquisitions: A Practical Guide for Private Companies and their UK and Overseas Advisers, Kogan Page Romer, P.M. (1994), “The Origins of Endogenous Growth”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 8(1), pp. 3-22 Satyanarayan, Ch. and L. Manju (2011), “Globalisation and its Impact on Cross-border Mergers and Acquisitions in India”, in P. Rangalingam, Ed. Impact of Globalisation on Indian Economy, Serial Publications Sen, S. and S.K. Ghosh (2005), “Basel Norms, Indian Banking Sector and Impact on credit to SMEs and the Poor”, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 14(12), pp. 1167-80 Shah, A., S. Thomas and M. Gorham (2009), India’s Financial Markets: An Insider’s Guide to How the Markets Work, Elsevier Publications, Amsterdam Shirai, S. (2001), “Assessment of India’s Banking Sector Reforms from the Perspective of the Governance of the Banking System”, Paper Presented at the ESCAP-ADB Joint Workshop on Mobilising Domestic Finance for Development: Reassessment of Bank Finance and Debt Markets in Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok Shull, B. and G.A. Hanweck (2001), Mergers in a Deregulated Environment: Promise and Peril, Quorum Books, U.S.A. Sinha, T. (2001), “The Role of Financial Intermediation in Economic Growth: Schumpeter Revisited”, in S. B. Dahiya and V. Orati, Ed., Economic Theory in the Light of Schumpeter’s scientific Heritage, Spellbound Publishers, India Stiglitz, J.E., J.J. Vallejo and Y.C. Park (1993), “The Role of State in Financial Markets”, World Bank Research Observer, Annual Conference on Development Economics, pp. 19-61 Streeten, P. (2001), Globalisation: Threat or Opportunity, Copenhagen Business School Press Thiel, M. (2001), “Finance and Economic Growth – A Review of Theory and the Empirical Evidence”, EU – Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs, Economic Paper No. 158 Verghese, S.K. (1990), “Financial Innovation and Lessons for India”, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 25(5), pp. 265-72 https://www.ijbed.org/cdn/article_file/i-5_c-58.pdf Priya Bhalla M&A Sectors Financial Sector Trends 4971 5 0