International Journal of Business and Economic Development
Volume 13 Issue 01 (May 2025)
Issue citation and reference package
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1. The growth, inequality and poverty triangle in South Africa: A provincial analysis
Authors: Stephen Zhanje; Dintuku Maggie Kgomo
Published: 14 Jun 2025
Article URL: https://ijbed.org/details&cid=229
References: Adeleye, B. N., Gershon, O., Ogundipe, A., Owolabi, O., Ogunrinola, I., & Adediran, O. (2020). Comparative investigation of the growth-poverty-inequality trilemma in Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin American and Caribbean Countries. Heliyon, 6(12). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05631 Ahmad, N., Mobarek, A., & Roni, N.N. (2021). Revisiting the impact of ESG on financial performance of FTSE350 UK firms: Static and dynamic panel data analysis. Cogent Business & Management, 8(1), 1900500. Ali, A., Ehsan, R., Audi, M., & Hamadeh, H.F. (2022). Does Globalization Promote Financial Integration in South Asian Economies? Unveiling the Role of Monetary and Fiscal Performance in Internationalization. MPRA paper, No. 115304. Amaluis, D. (2024). Analysis of Income Inequality (Gini Ratio) and Its Impact on the Human Development Index (HDI) in West Sumatra Province. Economica, 12(2), 110–117. https://doi.org/10.22202/economica.2024.v12.i2.8225 Amponsah, M., Agbola, F. W., & Mahmood, A. (2023). The relationship between poverty, income inequality and inclusive growth in Sub-Saharan Africa. Economic Modelling, 126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2023.106415 Analysis of Human Development, Economic Growth and Income Inequality in SAARC Country. (2022). Journal of Development and Social Sciences, 3(II). https://doi.org/10.47205/jdss.2022(3-ii)10 Androniceanu, A., & Georgescu, I. (2023). The impact of CO2 emissions and energy consumption on economic growth: a panel data analysis. Energies, 16(3), p.1342. Bai, J., Choi, S.H., & Liao, Y. (2021). Feasible generalized least squares for panel data with cross-sectional and serial correlations. Empirical Economics, 60, 309-326. Bassier, I., & Woolard, I. (2021). Exclusive Growth? Rapidly Increasing Top Incomes Amid Low National Growth in South Africa. South African Journal of Economics, 89(2), 246–273. https://doi.org/10.1111/saje.12274 Bourguignon. (2004). The Poverty-growth-inequality triangle Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen. https://hdl.handle.net/10419/176147 Castells-Quintana, D., Royuela, V., & Thiel, F. (2019). Inequality and sustainable development: Insights from an analysis of the human development index. Sustainable Development, 27(3), 448–460. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.1917 Chatterjee, A., Czajka, L., & Gethin, A. (2020). Estimating the distribution of household wealth in South Africa (Vol. 2020). UNU-WIDER. https://doi.org/10.35188/UNU-WIDER/2020/802-3 Doğan, F. C., & Aslan, M. H. (2023). The relationship of economic growth, income inequality and poverty: a study on developing countries. Revista de Gestão e Secretariado (Management and Administrative Professional Review), 14(9), 15727–15752. https://doi.org/10.7769/gesec.v14i9.2549 Doku, J.N., Kpekpena, F.A., & Boateng, P.Y. (2019). Capital structure and bank performance: Empirical evidence from Ghana. African Development Review, 31(1), 15-27. Elkafrawy, H., & Elsayed, A. M. (2024). The Growth, Inequality, and Poverty Triangle: Empirical Evidence from Egypt. Pakistan Journal of Life and Social Sciences, 22(2), 2267–2288. https://doi.org/10.57239/PJLSS-2024-22.2.00163 Faisal, S. (2022). Analysis of Human Development, Economic Growth and Income Inequality in SAARC Country. Journal of Development and Social Sciences, 3(2), 3-11. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.47205/jdss.2022(3-II)10 Fitratul Nakyah, Muhammad Alwi, & Endang Astuti. (2024). Analysis of the Effect of Poverty Level, Unemployment and Economic Growth on the Human Development Index in West Nusa Tenggara Province in 2017-2022. Economy and Finance Enthusiastic, 2(1), 8–16. https://doi.org/10.59535/efe.v2i1.214 Fofana, I., Chitiga-Mabugu, M., & Mabugu, R. E. (2023). Is Africa on Track to Ending Poverty by 2030? Journal of African Economies, 32, II87–II98. https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejac043 Galor, O., & Moav, O. (2004). From Physical to Human Capital Accumulation: Inequality and the Process of Development. 71(4). https://about.jstor.org/terms Galor, O., & Zeira, J. (1993). Source: The Review of Economic Studies (Vol. 60, Issue 1). https://about.jstor.org/terms GCIS. (2024, September 30). Government Communications. Retrieved from Department: Government Communications and Information System: https://www.gcis.gov.za/ Hadd, A., & Rodgers, J.L. (2020). Understanding correlation matrices. Sage Publications. Hsiao, C. (2022). Analysis of panel data (No. 64). Cambridge university press. Igbinedion, S.O., & Gozhak, J.T. (2023). Determinants of Health Inequality in Sub-Saharan Africa: Further Evidence from Feasible Generalized Least Squares (FGLS) Approach. NIU Journal of Social Sciences, 9(4), 29-42. Im, K.S., Pesaran, M.H., & Shin, Y. (2023). Reflections on “Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels”. Journal of Econometrics, 234, 111-114. Iyika, P.I., Omankhanlen, A.E., & Uwuigbe, U. (2021). International Financial Inflows and Economic Growth of Selected Emerging Markets: Panel Corrected Standard Error Approach. International Journal of Environmental Science, 6. Khan, S., Yahong, W., & Zeeshan, A. (2022). Impact of poverty and income inequality on the ecological footprint in Asian developing economies: Assessment of Sustainable Development Goals. Energy Reports, 8, 670-679. Labidi, M. A., Ochi, A., & Saidi, Y. (2023b). Extreme Poverty, Economic Growth, and Income Inequality Trilogy in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia: A GMM Panel VAR Approach. Journal of the Knowledge Economy. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-023-01512-5 Levin, A., Lin, C. F., & Chu, C. S. J. (2002). Unit root tests in panel data: asymptotic and finite sample properties. Journal of econometrics, 108(1), 1-24. Michálek, A., & Výbošťok, J. (2019). Economic Growth, Inequality and Poverty in the EU. Social Indicators Research, 141(2), 611–630. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-018-1858-7 Mishra, P., Pandey, C.M., Singh, U., Gupta, A., Sahu, C., & Keshri, A. (2019). Descriptive statistics and normality tests for statistical data. Annals of cardiac anaesthesia, 22(1), 67-72. Mohsin, M., Abbas, Q., Zhang, J., Ikram, M., & Iqbal, N. (2019). Integrated effect of energy consumption, economic development, and population growth on CO 2 based environmental degradation: a case of transport sector. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, 32824-32835. Omar, M.A., & Inaba, K. (2020). Does financial inclusion reduce poverty and income inequality in developing countries? A panel data analysis. Journal of economic structures, 9(1), 37. Pesaran, M.H., & Smith, R. (1995). Estimating long-run relationships from dynamic heterogeneous panels. Journal of econometrics, 68(1), 79-113. Quantec Statistical Database. (2024, August 2). Quantec Easy Data. Retrieved from https://www.easydata.co.za/ Salvatore, D. (2021). Theory and problems of statistics and econometrics. 2nd edition. The McGraw-Hill Companies, United States. Sheikh, A., & Hassan, O.I. (2023). Impact of economic growth, energy use and research and development expenditure on carbon emissions: an analysis of 29 OECD countries. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 13(1), 454-464. Shobande, O.A., & Asongu, S.A. (2022). The critical role of education and ICT in promoting environmental sustainability in Eastern and Southern Africa: A panel VAR approach. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 176, 121480. Smith, A. (1776). An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations: Volume One. London: printed for W. Strahan; and T. Cadell, 1776. Thorbecke, E., & Ouyang, Y. (2022). Towards A Virtuous Spiral Between Poverty Reduction And Growth: Comparing Sub Saharan Africa With The Developing World. World Development, 152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105776 Wale-Awe, O. I., & Evans, O. (2023). Financial inclusion through digital channels and the Growth-Inequality-Poverty Triangle: Evidence from Africa.  Nigerian Journal of Banking and Financial Issues (NJBFI) 9(2), . Wan, G., Wang, C., & Zhang, X. (2021). The Poverty-Growth-Inequality Triangle: Asia 1960s to 2010s. Social Indicators Research, 153(3), 795–822. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-020-02521-6 Webster, E., & Francis, D. (2019, January 1). The paradox of inequality in South Africa: A challenge from the work place. 101(1), 11-35. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1353/trn.2019.0035 WID. (2024, September 28). The world inequality data base. Retrieved from WID.world: https://wid.world/data/#countrytimeseries/shweal_p99.9p100_z;shweal_p0p90_z;sptinc_p90p100_z;shweal_p90p100_z/ZA/1820/2022/eu/k/p/yearly/s World Bank. (2024, September 30). World Bank Open Data. Retrieved from World Bank Group: https://data.worldbank.org/ Yao, Y., Wei, M., & Bai, B., 2022. Descriptive statistical analysis of experimental data for wettability alteration with surfactants in carbonate reservoirs. Fuel, 310, 122110. Zaman, K., Al-Ghazali, B. M., Khan, A., Rosman, A. S. Bin, Sriyanto, S., Hishan, S. S., & Bakar, Z. A. (2020). Pooled Mean Group Estimation for Growth, Inequality, and Poverty Triangle: Evidence from 124 Countries. Journal of Poverty, 24(3), 222–240. https://doi.org/10.1080/10875549.2019.1678553 Zardoub, A. (2023). Exploring the links between financial flows and economic growth: a panel ARDL approach. PSU Research Review, 7(2), 90-104. Zhang, B., Dawood, M., & Al-Asfour, A. (2020). External debt and economic growth: A dynamic panel study of Granger causality in developing countries. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 7(11), 607-617. Zidi, M., & Hamdi, H. (2024). A Panel-corrected Standard Error (PCSE) Framework to Estimate Capital Structure and Banking Performance within the Tunisian Context. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 14(2), 196-202.
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2. The role of state competitiveness and perceived insecurity in attracting foreign direct investment in Mexico
Authors: Juan Carlos Botello; Business School, Mexico; Mariana Echeagaray Santibanez
Published: 14 Jun 2025
Article URL: https://ijbed.org/details&cid=230
References: Armas Arévalos, E. & Ayvar Campos, F.J., 2017. “Determinants of foreign direct investment in Mexico: A parametric analysis of the manufacturing industry”. Proceedings of the XI Congress of the International Network of Researchers in Competitiveness, November 2017, pp. 1717-1737. ISBN 978-607-96203-0-6. Bengoa, M. y Sanchez-Robles, B. (2005). “Foreign Direct Investment as a Source of Endogenous Growth”. Journal of Policy Modeling , 27, 2, 249-261. Botello, J.C. and Davila, M. (2023). “Insecurity and political uncertainty: Factors that influence the fall of foreign direct investment in Mexico”, The Business and Management Review, 14(02). doi:10.24052/bmr/v14nu02/art-07. Brooks, D. y Sumulong, L. (2003). “Foreign Direct Investment: The Role of Policy”. Asian Development Bank. Serie: ERD Policy Brief No. 23. Filipinas Economic Commission for the Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) and United Nations (UN) (2024) Foreign Direct Investment in Latin America and the Caribbean, 2024, Repository ECLAC. Available at: https://repositorio.cepal.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a32c78a9-9833-4a2a-8d8a-b6ea50e6c63d/content (Accessed: 12 March 2025). Guizar, M. (2020). “Ability to attract foreign direct investment in Mexico in the manufacturing sector and its impact on the automotive industry”, CIMEXUS, 15(2), pp. 15-38 Mazari, I. (2024). “Security, The Challenge of Our Cities”, IMCO Center for Public Policy Research. Available at: https://imco.org.mx/seguridad-el-desafio-de-nuestras-ciudades/ (Accessed: 12 March 2025). Mexican Institute for Competitiveness (IMCO) (2019-2023). “State Competitiveness Index (2019-2023)”, IMCO. Available at: https://imco.org.mx/indice-de-competitividad-estatal-2024/#tablero (Accessed: 12 March 2025). Miranda, P., Tack, N., and Pinto De Gracia, A. (2023). “Competitiveness of Panama in the period 2013-2018 for the attraction of foreign direct investment”, EKTENOS, 1(1), pp. 27-44 Mogrovejo, J. (2005). “Determinants of foreign direct investment in selected Latin American countries”. Latin American Journal of Economic Development, [online] 5, pp.51–82. Available at: http://www.scielo.org.bo/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2074-47062005000200003#:~:text=Los%20resultados%20obtenidos%20corroboran%20que,y%20a%20grandes%20emprendimientos%20empresariales%20privados. [Accessed 10 Oct. 2024]. National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI) (n.d.). “Perception of Insecurity INDEX (2019-2023), Perception of Public Safety”. Available at: https://www.inegi.org.mx/temas/percepcion/ (Accessed: 12 March 2025). Ortíz, S. (2022). “Foreign Direct Investment in Mexico: Analysis of its determinants according to industry characteristics.”. Economic Research, 81(321), pp. 120-155 Saavedra Leyva, R.E. and Flores Orona, C.H. (2017). “Governance As A Determinant of Foreign Direct Investment in Latin America, Essays”. Economic magazine. Available at: https://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2448-84022017000200123#B6 (Accessed: 18 March 2025). Simmons J, Hicken A, Kollman K, et al. (2018). “Party System Structure and Its Consequences for Foreign Direct Investment. Party Politics. Party politics, 24 (2), pp. 141–153. Soria-Romo, R. (2017) ‘Impact of violence and insecurity on the competitiveness of Mexican states', Economy, Society and Territory., pp. 279–307. doi:10.22136/est002017802. Volpe Martincus, C. and Sztajerowska, M. (2019). How to Solve the Investment Promotion Puzzle: A Mapping of Investment Promotion Agencies in Latin America and the Caribbean and OECD Countries. doi:https://doi.org/10.18235/0001767.
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3. South Africa-Africa trade: Implications for South Africa in intra-Africa trade with the African continental free trade area in place
Authors: Tsitsi Effie Mutambara
Published: 28 Jun 2025
Article URL: https://ijbed.org/details&cid=231
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