IJBED 2051-848X 2051-8498 https://doi.org/10.24052/IJBED/ 30 Volume 12 Issue 02 2024-11-01

224 https://www.ijbed.org/details&cid=224 2024-12-03 The popular and solidarity economy (PSE) aims to achieve collective well-being through activities based on solidarity. The Amazon region of the Republic of Ecuador is closely linked to extractive activities, which risk affecting the health of local populations and accelerating forest degradation. Furthermore, poverty in this region affects 57% of the population, forcing families to engage in harmful forestry activities with significant environmental consequences. International cooperation, providing financing to promote bioenterprises, has generated sustainable alternatives for these populations. In this context, associativity emerges as a mechanism that generates sources of income for families dedicated to the preservation of forests, presenting itself as a viable solution to this problem. This research aims to determine how the financing of international cooperation influences the associative processes of the PSE, taking as a case study the Association of Wayusa Producers of Limoncocha, Ecuador. This association is part of the " Proamazonía " project financed by the Ecuadorian government and the United Nations Development Program (UNDP). Data was collected through semi-structured surveys and focus groups with key stakeholders. The results suggest that it is possible to achieve both economic and social benefits through the associative process. These include empowering Indigenous women, integrating them into the production process under fair conditions and preserving local culture. Consequently, this improves the quality of life of families and, at the same time, prevents the expansion of the agricultural frontier, promoting the economic and environmental sustainability of the area. 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(2018) 'CIRIEC: Recent Evolutions of the Social Economy in the European Union (CIRIEC: Recent Evolutions of the Social Economy in the European Union)', Revija za political socijalnu.  doi :10.3935/RSP.V25I2.1543. Cabeza Pullés, D. and Coral-Guerrero, C. (2016) 'Construction of international cooperation strategies: an inquiry into the learning experience (Construction of international cooperation strategies: An investigation into the learning experience)', Revista Iberoamericana of Development Studies = Ibero-American Journal of Development Studies, ISSN-e 2254-2035, vol. 5, No. 1, 2016, pp. 126-153. Spanish Network of Development Studies, 5(1), pp. 126-153. Available at: https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=5460716&info=resumen&idioma=ENG (Consulted: August 1, 2023). Carranza, C. (2013) 'Economy of Reciprocity: An Approach to the Social and Solidarity Economy from the Concept of the Gift (Economy of Reciprocity: An Approach to the Social and Solidarity Economy from the Concept of Gift)', Otra Economía, 7(12), pp. 14-25. doi: 10.4013/otra.2013.712.02. Carranza, C. and Mejía, D. (2021) 'Endogenous territorial development, experiences of solidarity and community economy in two Andean-Amazonian communities of Ecuador (Endogenous Territorial Development, Experiences of Social and Community Economy in Two Andean-Amazonian Communities of Ecuador), in Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 6(11), 951–952., pp. 2013–2015. Available at:  http://www.dspace.uce.edu.ec/handle/25000/26178 (Accessed: April 9, 2023). Chaves-Ávila, R. and Gallego-Bono, JR (2020) 'Transformative policies for the social and solidarity economy: the new generation of public policies that promote the social economy to achieve sustainable development goals. The European and Spanish cases (Transformative Policies for the Social and Solidarity Economy: The New Generation of Public Policies that Promote the Social Economy to Achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. The Cases of Europe and Spain)'. doi :10.3390/SU12104059. Coraggio, J. (2009) 'The paths of the social and solidarity economy Presentation of the dossier', Iconos, 33, pp. 29–38. Available at: www.riless.org (Accessed: April 9, 2023). Coraggio, JL (2018) 'Enhancing the Popular Solidarity Economy: a response to neoliberalism' (Strengthening the popular solidarity economy: a response to neoliberalism), Another Economy, 11(20), pp. 4-18. Available at: https://www.revistaotraeconomia.org/index.php/otraeconomia/article/view/14771/9437 (Accessed: April 9, 2023). Coral-Guerrero, CA (2018) 'Indigenous entrepreneurship, an economic dimension of Sumak? Kawsay? ' (Indigenous entrepreneurship, an economic dimension of Sumak Kawsay?), REVESCO Journal of Cooperative Studies. Complutense University of Madrid, 129, pp. 123-141. doi :10.5209/REVE.62849. Coral-Guerrero, CA (2023) Entrepreneurship for Community and Nature. Kallari. ISBN 978-9942-808-42-4. SEK International University, Quito, Ecuador. https://repositorio.uisek.edu.ec/handle/123456789/5000  Duque, P., Meza, OE, Giraldo, D. and Barreto, K. (2021) 'Social Economy and Solidarity Economy: a bibliometric analysis and literature review', REVESCO: magazine of cooperative studies, ISSN 1135-6618, N No. 138, 2021, pp. 187-212. Association of Cooperative Studies AECOOP, (138), pp. doi: 10.5209/REVE.75566. Eizaguirre, S. (2016) 'From social innovation to the solidarity economy. Practical keys for the development of public policies' (From social innovation to the solidarity economy: practical keys for the development of public policies), CIRIEC-Spain, magazine of public, social and cooperative economy, (88), pp. Available at:  https://ojs.uv.es/index.php/ciriecespana/article/view/6679/9552 (Consulted: April 7, 2023). Espín, G. (2022) 'Dynamics of associativity in the Kichwa communities of the Ecuadorian Amazon case Tsatsayaku ' (Dynamics of associativity in Kichwa communities of the Ecuadorian Amazon, Tsatsayaku Case), Institute of Higher National Studies -IAEN. Available at: http://repositorio.iaen.edu.ec/handle/24000/6044 (Accessed: April 7, 2023). 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González, AL, Benavides, PRS and Aragadovay, MB (2020) 'The sustainability of entrepreneurship within the social and solidarity economy: an analysis of social factors', Calidad de Vida. Editorial Academia Romano, 31(1), pp. 46–69. doi: 10.46841/RCV.2020.01.04. Hidalgo Romero, PD and Aldas Vargas, M. del C. (2022) 'Determinants of the generation of profits in the organizations of the Popular and Solidarity Economy in Ecuador' (Determinants of the generation of profits in social and solidarity economy organizations in Ecuador), Ibero-American Journal of Solidarity Economy and Socioecological Innovation, 5. doi: 10.33776/ riesise. v 5.5248. Hidalgo-Romero, PD, Pulgar Salazar MC and Coral Guerrero, CA (2024) 'The DNA of the Popular and Solidarity Economy in Ecuador: Exploring the Key Characteristics of an Alternative Economic System', REVESCO, Revista de Estudios Cooperativas, 146 (February): e 93671. https://doi.org/10.5209/reve.93671. 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(2022) 'The popular solidarity economy: participation and empowerment of the artisan women of the “Puertas del Cielo” cooperative in times of covid-19' (Popular Solidarity Economy: Participation and empowerment of the artisans of the “Puertas del Cielo” Cooperative in COVID-19 times), VICTEC Scientific and Technological Magazine, 3(4), pp. 14–28. Available at:  http://server.istvicenteleon.edu.ec/victec/index.php/revista/article/view/58 (Accessed: July 31, 2023). Veloz, G., Tulla, A. and Vera, A. (2023) 'Women's participation is the sustainable development of the Kichwa People of Rukullakta (Ecuador)', Documents d' Anàlisi Geografía. University Autonoma de Barcelona, 69(2), pp. 259–284. doi :10.5565/rev/dag.842. Verzosi, C. 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225 https://www.ijbed.org/details&cid=225 2024-12-03 The African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) is a continent-wide free trade area which is expected to pave way for a continental customs union. This article assessed the current state and extent of intra-Africa trade in 2001-2018. The results give insights into the foundation which the current regional economic communities in Africa have put in place regarding intra- and inter-trade linkages. This is a foundation which the AfCFTA would utilise to achieve trade integration in a continent-wide economic integration arrangement that seeks to improve intra-Africa trade. Five regional groups were considered, namely Arab Maghreb Union, East African Community, the Economic Community of West African States, Economic Community of Central Africa States, and the Southern African Development Community. Intra-regional trade intensity index results show that trade within individual regional groups, and within Africa, is oriented towards respective member countries, although there is no evidence of increased inward orientation over time. Inter-regional trade intensity index results show that most regional groups trade intensively with each other, albeit at different levels. With increased market access in the AfCFTA through lower trade resistances between regional groups, inter-regional trade is expected to increase as per the volume of trade criteria in the natural trading partners hypothesis. African Union Commission. 2019.     2019 African Regional Integration Report: Towards an integrated and prosperous and peaceful Africa, Addis Ababa (Ethiopia). African Union, Africa Development Bank, and United Nations Economic Commission for Africa. 2020. Africa Regional Integration Index Report 2019. AU, ADB, UNECA. 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Iapadre, L., and F.  Tironi. 2009. “Measuring trade regionalism: The case of Asia.” UNU-CRIS Working Papers. W-2009/9. United Nations University – Comparative Regional Integration Studies, BE – Belgium.  Iapadre, P.L., and L. Tajoli. 2013. “Emerging countries and trade liberalisation: A network analysis.” Journal of Policy Modelling 36S (2014): S89-S110.  Iapadre, L. 2006. “Regional integration agreements and the geography of world trade: Statistical indicators and empirical evidence.” In: P De Lombaerde (ed). Assessment and Measurement of Regional Integration. Routledge, OXON OX14 4RN. 67-85. Iapadre, L. 2004. “Regional integration arrangements and the geography of world trade: Measurement problems and empirical evidence.” UNU-CRIS e-Working Papers. W-2004/3. United Nations University. Khadan, J. and R. Hosein. 2013. “New empirical insights into the “Natural Trading Partner” Hypothesis for CAROCOM Countries.” Munich Personal RePEc Archive (MPRA). MPRA Paper No. 50493. [Online]. 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226 https://www.ijbed.org/details&cid=226 2024-12-03 Purpose: This study aims to investigate the impact of the human energy crisis on employee productivity, particularly within the IT sector in India. The study also provide recommendations to overcome this crisis and enhancing productivity of employees. Methodology: Employing a positivist philosophy and deductive approach, quantitative methods were utilized via a cross-sectional survey with a stratified sampling strategy. The sample comprised 65 employees, ensuring reliability and validity through established scales and rigorous statistical analysis. Findings: The outcomes highlight that human energy crisis significantly impacts employee’s performance. Employees in IT face adjusting to a changing workplace culture, impacting their mental health. This human energy crisis includes factors like stress, workload, burnout, and lack of work-life balance. To avoid burnout and improve workplace, organisations should implement stress reduction techniques, encourage active work, social support, involve staff in decision making, and implement excellence performance management. These policies aim to advance worker autonomy, skills development, and job equity. Practical Implications: This research contributes to academic literature and provides insights into the human energy crisis, a common issue causing stress, exhaustion, and workload. It suggests that employees prioritise theory well-being over work, and suggests strategies for HR, managers, and administrators to improve employee performance. The data can also be used by the government, as employees work in both public and private sectors. Originality: The research fills a gap in literature concerning the mediating factors of the human energy crisis and contributes to both academic understanding and practical application in public and private sector workplaces.   Abdullahi, M., Raman, K. and Solarin, S., (2021). Effect of organizational culture on employee performance: A mediating role of employee engagement in Malaysia educational sector. International Journal of Supply and Operations Management, 8(3), pp.232-246. Afrahi, B., Blenkinsopp, J., de Arroyabe, J.C.F. and Karim, M.S., (2022). Work disengagement: A review of the literature. Human Resource Management Review, 32(2), p.100822. Albrecht, S.L., Green, C.R. and Marty, A., (2021). Meaningful work, job resources, and employee engagement. Sustainability, 13(7), p.4045. Ali, B.J. and Anwar, G., (2021). An empirical study of employees’ motivation and its influence job satisfaction. Ali, BJ, & Anwar, G.(2021). 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227 https://www.ijbed.org/details&cid=227 2024-12-03 This paper describes a new approach to financial fraud detection that is informed by both artificial intelligence and machine learning.  It proposes, then tests with a simulated database of transactions, a metaheuristic algorithm based on two-layer deep learning.  Employing a simple adaptation to a basic deep learning model that applies a hybridized honey badger modification, demonstrably higher quality outcomes were obtained than with commonly used competing models. Bao, Y., B. Ke, B. Li, J. Yu, and J. Zhang (2020). “Detecting Accounting Fraud in Publicly Traded U.S. Firms Using a Machine Learning Approach,” Journal of Accounting Research, vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 199-235. Canhoto, A. I. and F. Clear (2020).  “Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning as Business Tools: A Framework for Diagnosing Value Destruction Potential,” Business Horizons, vol. 63, pp. 183-193. Fernandez-Delgado, M., E. Cernadas, S. Barro, and D. Amorim (2014).  “Do We Need Hundreds of Classifiers to Solve Real World Classification Problems?” Journal of Machine Learning Research, vol. 15, pp. 3133-3181. Hashim, F. A., E. H. Houssein, K. Hussain, M. S. Mabrouk, and W. Al-Atabany (2022).  “Honey Badger Algorithm: New Metaheuristic Algorithm for Solving Optimization Problems,” Mathematics and Computers in Simulation, vol. 192, pp. 84-110. Hastie, T., R. Tibshirani, and J. H. Friedman (2009).  The Elements of Statistical Learning.  New York: Springer. Khoshgoftaar, T. M., J. Van Hulse, and A. Napolitano (2011).  “Comparing Boosting and Bagging Techniques with Noisy and Imbalanced Data,” IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Part A—Systems and Humans, vol. 4, pp. 552-568. MIT SMR Connections (2023).  How AI Changes the Rules: New Imperatives for the Intelligent Organization.  Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Perols, J. L., R. M. Bowen, C. Zimmermann, and B. Samba (2017).  “Finding Needles in a Haystack: Using Data Analytics to Improve Fraud Detection,” The Accounting Review, vol. 92, pp. 221-245. Stagliano, A. J. and G. J. Tanzola (2023).  “Disrupting the Accounting and Financial Reporting Functions with Implementation of Artificial Intelligence Applications,” unpublished manuscript presented at The Global Interdisciplinary Green Cities Conference 2023, University of Augsburg. Tuv, E. A. Borisov, G. Runger, and K. Torkkola (2009).  “Feature Selection with Ensembles, Artificial Variables, and Redundancy Elimination,” The Journal of Machine Learning Research, vol. 10, pp. 1341-1366. Zhou, Z. H. (2012).  Ensemble Learning Methods: Foundations and Algorithms.  Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.   https://www.ijbed.org/cdn/article_file/2024-12-03-19-32-58-PM.pdf A. J. Stagliano Artificial intelligence Financial fraud Honey badger algorithm Internal audit Machine learning 8461 37 0

228 https://www.ijbed.org/details&cid=228 2024-12-12 This systematic literature review investigates the literature and theoretical underpinnings of government support schemes for micro, small and medium scale enterprise (MSME) financing with a focus on the UK's Enterprise Investment Scheme (EIS) and Seed Enterprise Investment Scheme (SEIS). The review compares these schemes with similar schemes from different countries and regions of the world, especially Australia and India. The review covers 49 papers sourced from ProQuest, Taylor Francis and Scopus databases. The selection was limited to peer-reviewed, full text papers, with the search criteria further defined by source type, document type, age/recency, subject area, and journal publication title. The review indicates that eight major theories are commonly employed in the literature to justify government interventions in MSME equity and debt financing globally. These theories are categorised as demand-side theories and supply-side theories. The demand-side theories include resource-based view, pecking order theory, signalling theory, discouraged borrower syndrome, internal resources theory, and demand-side failures. The supply-side theories are finance escalators, and supply-side failures. The review indicates that the UK’s EIS and SEIS have made significant capital contribution to MSME financing howbeit the schemes require improvement for greater impact. Whereas the UK’s SEIS and EIS are focused on equity financing for MSMEs, similar schemes in other countries are mainly debt financing interventions. Unlike other schemes that focus on correcting either supply-side failure or demand-side failure, the UK’s EIS and SEIS have focused on correcting both supply- and demand-side failures. Overall, the UK government’s Enterprise Capital Fund addresses the UK’s MSME equity gap while providing employment, innovative impacts, and revenue. However, further progress is required to achieve maximum business exits and to enable early-stage private Venture Capital make sustainable system impacts. Verifiable assessment and evaluation criteria might be required for qualifying companies, perhaps including innovative, business viability and competitive advantage criteria, amongst others. Several studies have investigated MSME financing, venture capital and the UK’s venture capital schemes, but not many have compared the UK’s EIS and SEIS schemes with other intervention schemes around the world as undertaken in this review. This research is relevant to policy makers, angel investors, entrepreneurs and venture capitalists. This research is foundational to potential further survey research into the UK’s venture capital schemes. Alinejad, M., Balaguer, A. and Hendrickson, L., 2015. Financing innovative entrepreneurship. Research Paper, 8, pp. 1-35. Avdeitchikova, S. and Landström, H., 2016. 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Kim, K. and Kutsuna, K., 2014. Venture Capital Activities and Financing of High-tech Ventures in Korea: Lessons from Foreign Experiences. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship, 9(1), pp. 33-50. Leitão, J. and Baptista, R. eds., 2009. Public policies for fostering entrepreneurship: A European perspective (Vol. 22). Springer Science & Business Media. Mason, C.M. and Harrison, R.T., 2002a. Barriers to investment in the informal venture capital sector. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 14(3), pp. 271-287. Mason, C.M. and Harrison, R.T., 2002b. Is it worth it? The rates of return from informal venture capital investments. Journal of Business Venturing, 17(3), pp. 211-236. Mason, C.M. and Harrison, R.T., 2004. Improving access to early-stage venture capital in regional economies: A new approach to investment readiness, Local economy, 19(2), pp.159-173. Noble, D., Charles, M.B., Keast, R. and Carlopio, J., 2020. Embedding SMEs in national systems of innovation: Participant perceptions of Australia's CRC‐P program. Australian Journal of Public Administration, 79(4), pp. 592-600. Obeng, G., 2020. Funding Entrepreneurship and Innovation with Debt Capital: The Relevance of Capital Structure. EMAJ: Emerging Markets Journal, 10(1), pp. 50-59. Owen, R., 2021. Lessons from government venture capital funds to enable transition to a low-carbon economy: The UK case. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 70(3), pp. 1040-1054. Owen, R., Botelho, T., Hussain, J. and Anwar, O., 2023. Solving the SME finance puzzle: an examination of demand and supply failure in the UK. Venture Capital, 25(1), pp. 31-63. Owen, R. and Mason, C., 2019. Emerging trends in government venture capital policies in smaller peripheral economies: Lessons from Finland, New Zealand, and Estonia. Strategic Change, 28(1), pp. 83-93. Perry, J., Bolanos, M., Eatman, J., Hamilton, J., Wared, S. and Dansbo, E., 2022. SAFEs as (New) Financing Instruments, Bus. L. Int'l, 23(3), pp. 249-264. Pierrakis, Y., 2011. Incentivising the supply of finance for early-stage business through tax schemes: A preliminary analysis of the impact of EIS, VCT and CVS. VCT and CVS (February 3, 2011). Popov, A. and Roosenboom, P., 2013. Venture capital and new business creation. Journal of banking & finance, 37(12), pp. 4695-4710. Putra, F.P., Budi, P.S. and Widodo, W., 2019. The debate of impact from government credit guarantee on business development and non-performing loan of micro and small enterprises (MSEs): A literature survey. Academy of Accounting and Financial Studies Journal, 23(3), pp. 1-9. Rosiello, A., Teubal, M. and Avnimelech, G., 2008. Towards the framing of Venture Capital Policies: A Systems-evolutionary perspective with particular reference to the UK/Scotland and Israeli experiences (No. 21-2008). ICER-International Centre for Economic Research. Santos, A. and Cincera, M., 2022. 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Journal of Southeast Asian Economies, 35(2), pp. 319-332. Tambunan, T.H., 2017. Usaha Mikro, Kecil dan Menengah. Jakarta: Ghalia Indonesia Teker, S. and Teker, D., 2016. Venture capital and business angels: Turkish case. Procedia-Social and Behavioural Sciences, 235, pp. 630-637. Tiwari, A., Hogan, T. and O’Gorman, C., 2021. The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly of ‘Startup India: A Review of India’s Entrepreneurship Policy’. Economic & Political Weekly, 56(50), pp. 45-52 Zetzsche, D. and Preiner, C., 2018. Cross-border crowdfunding: Towards a single crowdlending and crowd investing market for Europe. European Business Organization Law Review, 19, pp. 217-251. https://www.ijbed.org/cdn/article_file/2024-12-12-16-28-20-PM.pdf Obinna Okeke Ayodele Asekomeh Key words: Entrepreneurship venture capital tax incentives enterprise investment scheme SEIS UK. 3485 50 0