IJBED 2051-848X 2051-8498 https://doi.org/10.24052/IJBED/ 28 Volume 11 Issue 02 2023-11-01

213 https://ijbed.org/details&cid=213 2023-11-01 CVS Health Corporation owns the retail pharmacy chain and also owns CVS Caremark, the pharmacy benefits manager, and the Aetna health insurance provider (Kolakowski, 2023). Recent acquisitions in 2022 and 2023 include Oak Street Health, Inc., and Signify Health. CVS’s proactive growth strategy aims to acquire health care firms across various sectors of health care, yet the management is not averse to divesting the firm of less profitable subsidiaries. In November 2021 the firm announced the closing of 300 stores per year through 2024. A decline in stock price of CVS would suggest analyzing whether the company is still a good long-term investment. A deeper study may be warranted, but seven methods should suffice to either reject CVS immediately or accept CVS for further consideration. The analysis includes the following: The price-to-earnings ratio or P/E multiple approach for validating stock price. Evaluating expected return of the stock with the capital asset pricing model (CAPM). The corporate valuation model using free cash flows for stock-price valuation. A review of the company’s dividend history. Comparison of the company’s capital structure with its peers. Evaluating the company’s historical stock prices. Review of the recent financial statements and the five categories of financial ratios to determine the overall health of the firm. As a company with a large retail business unit, CVS stock would be considered a moderately conservative investment. A decision on long-term investing in CVS stock would consider the risk and potential returns. Subject to further scrutiny, this study accepts CVS as a potential investment choice. Although the acceptance is based on analysis, the author makes no guarantee of future results. This paper is the original work of the author and is not previously published. Briefing.com (3 May 2023). ‘CVS Health slips to new 52-week lows as investors home in on its reduced FY23 EPS outlook’. Available at: https://www.briefing.com/in-depth-analysis/story-stocks/2023/5/3/cvs-health-slips-to-new-52week-lows-as-investors-home-in-on-its-reduced-fy23-eps-outlook-(cvs) (Accessed 5 May 2023). Brigham, E.F., Ehrhardt, M.C., Gessoroli, J., and Nason, R.R. (2017) Financial management: theory and practice. Third Canadian edition. Toronto: Nelson Education Ltd. Cournoyer, A. (27 July 2020). ‘The CVS-Aetna acquisition is showing results. Available at: https://seekingalpha.com/article/4361056-cvs-aetna-acqusition-is-showing-results (Accessed: 6 May 2023). Finance.yahoo.com (3 October 2022). ‘Francisco Partners to acquire bswift from CVS Health’, Available at: https://finance.yahoo.com/news/francisco-partners-acquire-bswift-cvs-123000635.html (Accessed 3 June 2023). Finance.yahoo.com, large capitalization health care firms (no date). Available at:  https://finance.yahoo.com/screener/predefined/ms_healthcare/?.tsrc=fin-srch (Accessed 5 May 2023). Finance.yahoo.com, market data (no date). Available at: https://finance.yahoo.com/. (Accessed 3 March 2023). Investopedia.com, dividend signaling (29 August 2022). Available at:  https://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/dividendsignaling.asp (Accessed: 16 March 2023). Kolakowski, M. (3 May 2023). ‘CVS, UNH, and MHK top the list of the 10 biggest healthcare companies. Investopedia.com. Available at: https://www.investopedia.com/articles/markets/030916/worlds-top-10-health-care-companies-unh-mdt.asp (Accessed: 6 May 2023). Marketwatch.com, cash flow statement (2023). Available at:  https://www.marketwatch.com/investing/stock/CVS/financials/cash-flow   (Accessed: 9 March 2023). NASDAQ.com, CVS dividend history (no date). Available at: https://www.nasdaq.com/market-activity/stocks/cvs/dividend-history  (Accessed: 17 March 2023). Foldy, B. (2 June 2023) ‘Companies find crafty ways to engineer larger profits. The Wall Street Journal, p. A1. Vol. CCLXXXI No. 127. Reinhard, Abby (17 March 2023). ‘CVS is closing multiple locations, starting today’, Available at:  https://bestlifeonline.com/cvs-closing-locations-march-april-2023-news/ (Accessed 4 May 2023). Schwab.com, no date. (Accessed 4 May 2023). SEC.gov, CVS 10K report for FY 2022 (8 February 2023). Available at: https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/64803/000006480323000009/cvs-20221231.htm#i1ae8e8cf4da649e4afa2b073939999d2_103, pp. 87, 106-111 (Accessed 4 May 2023). SEC.gov, CVS 10Q report for Q1 2023 (3 May 2023). Available at:  https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/64803/000006480323000016/cvs-20230331.htm (Accessed 4 May 2023). US Inflation Calculator (no date). Available at: https://www.usinflationcalculator.com/inflation/historical-inflation-rates/    (Accessed 4 May 2023). Zutter, C. and Smart, S. (2019). Principles of Managerial Finance, Brief. 8th Edition. New York: Pearson Education (US). https://ijbed.org/cdn/article_file/2023-11-01-12-42-06-PM.pdf J. Mark Smith Capital asset pricing model company valuation CVS Health expected return free cash flow weighted average cost of capital 19803 67 0

214 https://ijbed.org/details&cid=214 2023-11-11 Learning entrepreneurial skills has taken on a significance never before seen as a result of their significance to economic growth. In this study, the impact of skill development initiatives on Nigeria's economic development was examined. The study used two objectives: to look into how gender differences in skill acquisition affected economic development and to determine how skill acquisition affected economic development. A quantitative method in the form of a questionnaire was used to sample two hundred (200) unemployed youths. Results revealed that there is a significant gender difference in skill acquisition for economic development and that skill acquisition has a significant influence on economic development. The study concluded that youths perceive skill acquisition programmes to have a positive effect on employment creation. Likewise, gender equality is to be considered in skills acquisition training. In general, the involvement of both genders in skill acquisition programmes will go a long way toward improving the nation's economic development. Achor, E. E. (2021). Security and human capital for sustainable educational development In Nigeria: Re-Inventing Education across Curriculum. Zuba Journal of Educational Studies, 5(1), 3-19. Adanlawo, E. F., Nkomo, N. Y., & Vezi-Magigaba, M. (2023). Entrepreneurship Skills Acquisition Programs: A Tool for Economic Development. Multicultural Education, 9(7). Adanlawo, E. F., Nkomo, N. Y., & Vezi-Magigaba, M. F. (2023). Compensation as a motivating factor of job satisfaction and performance. International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147-4478), 12(3), 131-139. Adanlawo, E. F., Vezi-Magigaba, M., & Owolabi, O. C. (2021). Small and Medium Scale Enterprises in Nigeria: The Effect on Economy and People’s Welfare. African Journal of Development Studies,11 (2), 163-181. Adanlawo, E.F. & Chaka, M. (2022). The Use of Online Library by University Students During Covid-19 For Academic Gratification. Journal of Positive School Psychology, 6(8), 10249-10255. Adanlawo, E.F. & Vezi-Magigaba, M. (2021). Informal Financing and the Performance of Small and Medium-Scale Enterprises (SMEs). Psychology and Education Journal, 58(4), 3307-3315. Adanlawo, E.F. & Vezi-Magigaba, M. (2022). Exploring the impact of tax policies on small and medium scale enterprises’ (SMEs) performance in Nigerian Economy. The Business and Management Review, 13, (1), 7-14. Conference Proceedings of the Centre for Business and Economic Research, ICBED- 2022, 11-12 April. Adanlawo, E.F., Reddy, M. M., & Rugbeer, H. (2021). Intercultural Business Communication: The implications of Language Barriers. Psychology and Education Journal, 58(5), 6281-6290. Adeniyi, B.C. (2020). Skills acquisition: a panacea for economic development in Nigeria. Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Cross-Border Trade and Business. doi: 10.4018/978-1-7998-9071-3.ch012 Born, B., & Breitung, J. (2011). Simple regression‐based tests for spatial dependence. The Econometrics Journal, 14(2), 330-342. Brand, D., Novak, M., Reed, D. & Tortolero, S. (2020). Examining the Effects of Feedback Accuracy and Timing on Skill Acquisition. Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, 40(1-2). doi.org/10.1080/01608061.2020.1715319 Chaka, M. & Adanlawo, E. F. (2023). The Impact of Communication Management on National Development Plan: A South African Case Study. Journal of African Films and Diaspora Studies, 6(2), 41-57. Chaka, M., & Adanlawo, E. F. (2022). The implications of inappropriate posting and commenting on Facebook to university students. Webology, 19(6). Chen, S. X., Li, J., & Zhong, P. S. (2019). Two-sample and ANOVA tests for high dimensional means. The Annals of Statistics, 47(3), 1443-1474. Chidiebere, A. C. (2020). Investigating technology integration in business education in Nigeria secondary schools: a critical analysis (Doctoral dissertation). Ekong, U. & Ekong, C. (2016). Skills Acquisition and Unemployment Reduction in Nigeria: A Case Study of National Directorate of Employment (NDE) in Akwa Ibom State. International Journal of Economics & Management Sciences, 5(4), 1-10. doi: 10.4172/2162-6359.1000352 Idris, A. & Mbudai, Y. (2017). Technical and Vocational Education: Challenges Towards Youths Empowerment in Kano State-Nigeria. Journal of Technical Education and Training, 9(1), 1-12. Ikuteyijo, L. O. (2020). Irregular migration as survival strategy: Narratives from youth in urban Nigeria. West African Youth Challenges and Opportunity Pathways, 53-77. Kabir, S.M. & Jazuli, B.M. (2017). Youth and Women Empowerment Through Agribusiness for Sustainable Livelihoods in Kano State. Journal of Sustainable Development, 13(1). Kemp, S. E., Ng, M., Hollowood, T., & Hort, J. (2018). Introduction to descriptive analysis. Descriptive analysis in sensory evaluation, 1-39. Magaji, M. (2015). The Role of Skills acquisition programme and Technical Education for Improving National Economy for Sustainable Development: Curriculum Issues. IOSR Journal of Research & Method in Education, 5(2), 12-18. Manda, D. & Mwakubo, S. (2014). Gender and Economic Development in Africa: An Overview. Journal of African Economies, 23(1), 4–i17. doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejt021 Nkomo, N. Y., & Adanlawo, E. F. (2023). The implications of population ageing on savings rates. Management and Entrepreneurship: Trends of Development, 2(24), 8-16. Olagbaju, O.O. (2020). Adult Literacy and Skill Acquisition Programmes as Correlates of Women Empowerment and Self-Reliance in The Gambia. Education Research International, Article ID 7264171, 1-8. doi.org/10.1155/2020/7264171 Omidiji, S.A. & Ogwu, O.C. (2019). 21stcentury Skill Acquisition in Business Education Programmes. Nigerian Journal of Business Education, 6(2). Onwuka, E. M., Ugwu, K. E., & Chukwuma, E. D. (2020). Implications of youth unemployment and violent crime on the economic growth (a case study of anambra state, Nigeria). Australian Journal of Commerce Study. Reddy, M. M., & Adanlawo, E. F. (2018). Communication’s module: Inclusion within all undergraduate qualification at higher education institutions. Gender and behaviour, 16(2), 11359-11376. Trafimow, D., & MacDonald, J. A. (2017). Performing inferential statistics prior to data collection. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 77(2), 204-219. Ukwayi, J., Angioha, P. & Ojong-Ejoh, M. (2017). Youth empowerment: A criminological approach for crime prevention and control in Cross River State, Nigeria. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science (IOSR-JHSS), 22(11-12), 73-81. Utete, R. (2021). Capacity building as a strategic tool for employment equity implementation in the financial sector. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 19, 10. Utete, R. (2023). Investigating the Relationship between Capacity Building and Employee Performance at a Leading Organisation in Durban, South Africa. African Journal of Business and Economic Research, 18(2), 255-274. Zondi, T., Nkomo, N. Y., & Adanlawo, E. F. (2023). The Determinants of The Economic Wellbeing of An Ageing Population. Journal of Positive Psychology and Wellbeing, 7(3), 301-308. https://ijbed.org/cdn/article_file/2023-11-11-10-09-15-AM.pdf Eyitayo Francis Adanlawo Nomusa Yolada Nkomo Self-employment Economic development Empowerment Entrepreneurship Gender separation Skill acquisition 20031 63 1

215 https://ijbed.org/details&cid=215 2023-11-11 This paper aims to present the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for the general inclusive growth of the world and Bangladesh in particular. With the passing of time, the world economy and economic systems have been changing rapidly in order to reach the development facilities of the deprived people living in the world. For this, the United Nations and world leaders have undertaken Millennium Development Goals to reduce the extreme economic hardship of the deprived people living there.  Based upon MDGs, the Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh has undertaken Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to reduce the extreme poverty of the people living in Bangladesh. The study is mainly based on secondary information. Data have been collected from different publications from the United Nations, different websites, and institutional publications. During analysis of the collected data, it is seen that the steps undertaken by the Government of Bangladesh to reduce extreme poverty have become effective and the economic development of Bangladesh has been moving towards sustainability because the deprived section of people has started improving their lives and to some extent starts entering into development opportunities available in Bangladesh. Brundtland Gro, Hartem, (1987) From Wikipedia, https://en wikipedia.org/wiki/our_common_future https://hrd.undp.org/statistics/data/indic-4-1-1html Millennium Development Report-2015, United Nations UNCTAD (2015), Improving Market Access for the Least Developed Countries in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Post 2015 Policy. Focus 2030.org/what are the sustainable development goals? Eisenmenger, N., Pichler, M., et al (2020), The Sustainable Development Goals Prioritize Economic Growth Over Sustainable Resource Use: A Critical Reflection on the SDGs from a Socio-Ecological Perspective, Sustain Sci 15, 1161-1110, https://doi.org/10.1007/511625-020-00813-x World Health Organization, https://www.who.int>Newsroom>Fact sheets>Details United Nations, https://www.un.org>ecosoc>docs>book2011pdf Asian Development Bank, https://www.adb.org>files>mdg-introductionPDF Iryna, K. and Ana, N., et al, (2023), Education and the UN Development Goals Project, Journal of Research in International Education, Online ISSN:1741-2943, https://doi.org/10.1177/14752409221088942 Amanullah, A, M, Millennium Development Goals: A blueprint for Building a Better World for all children everywhere in the 21st century, East West University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Arafath, J, (2022), Challenges Ahead to Sustainable Development in Bangladesh: A Concern for Future Generation, International Journal of Sustainable Development Research, No 8, Vol. 2, pp 33-40 https://ijbed.org/cdn/article_file/2023-11-11-10-11-41-AM.pdf Md. Shah Alam Millennium Development Sustainable Development Equality of Opportunity Inclusive Economic Growth Deprived People The United Nations 20058 59 4