IJBED 2051-848X 2051-8498 https://doi.org/10.24052/IJBED/ 27 Volume 11 Issue 01 2023-05-01

206 https://ijbed.org/details&cid=206 2023-05-29 Expected returns, stock valuation methods, and capital structure management have a major influence on the effectiveness of the company’s financial strategy. This study analyzes a sample portfolio to consider how the expected rate of return is assigned, how common stock is valued, and how equity and debt are targeted in the firm’s capital structure. The validity of an algorithm that values common stock depends on accurate assessment of the expected return. Company policy for acquiring capital and paying dividends could alter the expected return. The capital asset pricing model (CAPM) helps judge the role of certain factors in determining expected return and stock value. In the sample portfolio, we shall work with one valuation method, the Gordon Model of constant growth, and compare its expected returns with the CAPM. The CAPM considers the risk-free rate, the market risk premium, and a systematic risk index, while the Gordon Model assigns value of stocks based on dividend growth. We examine dividend payout policy to find that it influences differences between the Gordon Model and the CAPM’s expected returns. Both methods help determine how the cost of equity may be applied to the firm’s capital structure, usually in the weighted average cost of capital (WACC). Tax factors in the WACC influence the proportions of debt and equity in the capital structure. The tax benefit of debt makes debt the least expensive source of capital funding, but its use should be limited due to the higher risk of debt. Manipulations within the WACC have an influence on the mix of funding sources in the capital structure, the cost of both debt and equity, and the stock price. Therefore, the discussion will further consider the topic of capital structure optimization. This previously unpublished paper is the original work of the author. Brigham, E.F., Ehrhardt, M.C., Gessoroli, J., and Nason, R.R. (2017) Financial management: theory and practice. Third Canadian edition. Toronto: Nelson Education Ltd. Gitman, L.J., and Zutter, C.J. (2015) Principles of managerial finance, brief, 7th edition. Boston: Pearson Education, Inc. Keown, A.J., Martin, J.D. and Petty, J.W. (2017) Foundations of finance: the logic and practice of financial management. Ninth edition. Boston: Pearson Education, Inc. Lintner, J. (1962) ‘Dividends, earnings, leverage, stock prices, and the supply of capital to corporations’, Review of Economics and Statistics, 44(August), pp. 243-269. Marketwatch.com S&P500 index chart, select range all (no date). Available at: https://www.marketwatch.com/investing/index/spx/charts?mod=mw_quote_advanced (Accessed: 8 September 2022). Marketwatch.com stock chart, search by ticker, select advanced (no date). Available at:  https://www.marketwatch.com/ (Accessed: 8 September 2022). Miller, R.E., Morris, M.H. and Scanlon, K. (1984) ‘Capital structure and tax status: new evidence from IPOs’. Journal of Accounting, Auditing, & Finance, (March 1), pp.197-215. NASDAQ.com, Tyson dividend history (no date). Available at: https://www.nasdaq.com/market-activity/stocks/tsn/dividend-history  (Accessed: 8 September 2022). SEC.gov (no date). Securities and Exchange Commission. Coca-Cola 10K report, fiscal year 2021, Consolidated Statements of Income and Note 10: Debt and Borrowing Arrangements. Available at: https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/21344/000002134422000009/ko-20211231.htm#i7e5c6308455441aaa39bed2ec7a9b435_97, pp. 60, 88-89. (Accessed 8 September 2022.) SEC.gov (no date). Securities and Exchange Commission. Tyson Foods 10K report, fiscal year 2022, Statement of Cash Flows. Available at: https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/100493/000010049322000097/tsn-20221001.htm#iba82265c112649a7b072a99eca4e98cc_82, p. 49. (Accessed 8 September 2022.) https://ijbed.org/cdn/article_file/2023-05-29-11-22-16-AM.pdf J. Mark Smith Capital asset pricing model capital structure expected return Gordon Model stock valuation weighted average cost of capital 7350 94 0

207 https://ijbed.org/details&cid=207 2023-05-29 As South Africa struggles to deal with many of its socio-economic challenges including poverty, this paper was interested to empirically unpack how trade specifically manufacturing exports are contributing towards poverty reduction. The paper was motivated by the decent surge in exports especially in the manufacturing sector whilst on the other side, poverty levels increased. The paper employed time series data spanning 1990-2020 in a Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). The food poverty line index was used as the dependent variable, and it was found that exports from the manufacturing sector were significant in explaining food poverty reduction for South Africa. Further, economic growth and the human development index (HDI) were found to have poverty reducing effects in the long run. Interestingly, we found foreign direct investment increasing food poverty in South Africa in the long-run but reducing it in the short-run. Policy recommendations arising from our results are that South African authorities should consider pursuing more export led growth policies especially in industries that can absorb labour from those with little or no skills. Also, foreign direct investment should be encouraged in sectors that are not labour substitutive so that more inflows can lead to reduced food poverty through job creation in the long run. Anetor, F. O., Esho, E., & Verhoef, G. (2020). The impact of foreign direct investment, foreign aid and trade on poverty reduction: Evidence from Sub-Saharan African countries. Cogent Economics & Finance, 8(1), 1737347. Arief, F., & Prastiwi, E. W. (2017). A Panel Data Analysis of The Role of Human Development Index in Poverty Reduction in Papua 2010–2015. egional S, 929. Athukorala, P. C., & Sen, K. (2015). Industrialisation, employment and poverty. Forthcoming in Michael Tribe and John Weiss (eds.), Routledge Handbook of Industrial Development, London: Routledge, 84-95. Botha, F. (2010). The impact of educational attainment on household poverty in South Africa. Bramall, C. (2008). Rural industrialisation and spatial inequality in China, 1978-2006. Economic and Political Weekly, 43-50. Butt, M. S., Akmal, M. S., Ahmad, Q. M., & Ahmad, M. H (2007). An empirical investigation of the relationship between trade liberalization and poverty reduction: A case for Pakistan. The Lahore Journal of Economics, 12(1), 99-118. Cross, C. (2008, October). Housing delivery as anti-poverty: is South Africa on the right track. In Southern African Housing Foundation International Conference (pp. 12-15). Edwards, L., & Jenkins, R. (2015). The impact of Chinese import penetration on the South African manufacturing sector. The Journal of Development Studies, 51(4), 447-463. Fauzel, S. (2020, September). Investigating the impact of trade on poverty reduction in a small island economy. In Forum for Social Economics (pp. 1-20). Routledge. Fauzel, S., Seetanah, B., & Sannassee, R. V. (2015). iFOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT AND WELFARE NEXUS IN SUB SAHARAN AFRICA. The Journal of Developing Areas, 271-283. Flatters, F., & Netshitomboni, N. (2006). Trade and poverty in South Africa: motor industry case study. Trade and Poverty Project. Southern Africa Labour & Development Research Unit (SALDRU). University of Cape Town. Cape Town: South Africa.\ Fosu, A., & Mold, A. (2008). Gains from trade: Implications for labour market adjustment and poverty reduction in Africa. African Development Review, 20(1), 20–47. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8268.2008.00175.x Fransman, T., & Yu, D. (2019). Multidimensional poverty in South Africa in 2001–16. Development Southern Africa, 36(1), 50-79. Giroud, A., & Ivarsson, I. (2020). World Investment Report 2020: International production beyond the pandemic. Gohou, G., & Soumaré, I. (2012). Does foreign direct investment reduce poverty in Africa and are there regional differences? World development, 40(1), 75-95. Le Goff, M., & Singh, R. J. (2014). Does trade reduce poverty? A view from Africa. Journal of African Trade, 1(1), 5-14. Leibbrandt, M., Wegner, E., & Finn, A. (2011). The policies for reducing income inequality and poverty in South Africa. Li, X., & Liu, X. (2005). Foreign direct investment and economic growth: an increasingly endogenous relationship. World development, 33(3), 393-407. Loko, M. B., & Diouf, M. A. (2009). Revisiting the Determinants of Productivity Growth-What’s new? International Monetary Fund. Mabugu, R., & Chitiga, M. (2007). Poverty and inequality impacts of trade policy reforms in South Africa. Maitra, P., & Ray, R. (2003). The effect of transfers on household expenditure patterns and poverty in South Africa. Journal of development Economics, 71(1), 23-49. May, J. (1998). Poverty and inequality in South Africa. Indicator South Africa, 15(2), 53-58. Mazorodze, B. T. (2019). Trade, productivity and efficiency: testing for innovative spillovers from Asia’s newly industrialized countries (nics) on manufacturing in South Africa (Doctoral dissertation, University of Zululand). Niyimbanira, F. (2017). Analysis of the impact of economic growth on income inequality and poverty in South Africa: the case of Mpumalanga Province. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues. Onakoya, A., Johnson, B., & Ogundajo, G. (2019). Poverty and trade liberalization: Empirical evidence from 21 African countries. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 32(1), 635–656. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 1331677X.2018.1561320 Onakoya, A., Johnson, B., & Ogundajo, G. (2019). Poverty and trade liberalization: empirical evidence from 21 African countries. Economic research-Ekonomska istraživanja, 32(1), 635-656. Santos-Paulino, A. U. (2017). Estimating the impact of trade specialization and trade policy on poverty in developing countries. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 26(6), 693-711 Seekings, J., & Nattrass, N. (2015). Policy, politics and poverty in South Africa. Springer. Seetanah, B., & Khadaroo, A. J. (2007). foreign direct investment and growth: new evidence from Sub-Saharan African countries. University of Mauritius, 27. Statistics South Africa (2019). National poverty lines, National Poverty Lines P0310.1. http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P03101/P031012019.pdf Accessed15/07/2021. Thurlow, J. (2008). A recursive dynamic CGE model and microsimulation poverty module for South Africa. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA. Van der Westhuizen, C. (2007). Trade and poverty: A case study of the South African clothing industry. Studies in Economics and Econometrics, 31(2), 109-124. Winters, L. A., & Martuscelli, A. (2014). 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208 https://ijbed.org/details&cid=208 2023-05-29 The current intensive global competition compels exporters to adapt to innovative ways of doing business to remain competitive. Many exporters are unable to meet international regulatory requirements to service their exports. South African government has implemented growth-enhancing reforms that aim at igniting economic activity while promoting industrialisation and transformation to broadening the exporter base of the country. This article sought to find out the effects of the National Exporter Development Programme (NEDP) on South African emerging exporters within Gauteng Province. The NEDP as well as the Provincial Investment and Promotion Agencies are very critical in supporting emerging exporters in the Gauteng province. ASONGU, S. A. & ODHIAMBO, N. M. 2018. Challenges of Doing Business in Africa: A Systematic Review, Pretoria: MPRA. ALI, Y. & NDUBISI, N.O. 2009. Impact of government export assistance on internationalization of SMEs from developing nations. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 22(04), 408-422. ANDERSON, W. 2011. Internationalization Opportunities and Challenges for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises from Developing Countries. Journal of African Business, 12(2),  198–217. APRIL, Z., 2015. The internationalisation of SMEs in South Africa: export capacity, capability and commitment. Journal of Economic and Financial Sciences, 8(2), 567-583. Anon., 2000. Enhancing Marketing Thought and Practice. Irish Marketing Review, 23(25), 1-63. Anon., 2018/19. Official Guide to South Africa 2018/19. 16 ed. Pretoria: Government Communications. BABBIE, E., 2008. The Basics of Social Research. s.l.:Thomson Wadsworth. BHORAT, H., HIRSCH, A., KANBUR, R. & NCUBE, M. 2014. Economic Policy in South Africa: Past, Present and Future-Development Policy Research Unit Working Paper 201401, Cape Town: University of Cape Town. CADOT, O., FERNANDES, A. M., GOURDON, J. & MATTOO, A. 2012. Are the Benefits of Export Support Durable? Evidence from Tunisia, s.l.: The World Bank. CHABOWSKI, B. R. & MENA, J. A. 2017. A Review of Global Competitiveness Research: Past Advances and Future Directions. Journal of International Marketing, 25(4),1-24. COLDWELL, D. & HERBST, F. 2004. Business Research. Cape Town: Juta and Co Ltd. COSMETICS EXPORT COUNCIL OF SOUTH AFRICA. 2019. Quarterly Report: January- March 2019., Johannesburg DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 2016. [Online]. Available at: http://webapps.daff.gov.za/AmisAdmin/. [Accessed 11/09/2019]. DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. 2019. Programmes/planning and coordination/developmentinvestment. [Online]. Available at: http://www.economic.gov.za/about-us/programmes/planning-and-coordination/development-investment [Accessed 15/10/2020]. DEPARTMENT OF TRADE AND INDUSTRY. 2010. A South African Trade Policy and Strategy Framework. Pretoria. DEPARTMENT OF TRADE AND INDUSTRY. 2012. National Exporter Development Programme. s.l.:s.n. DEPARTMENT OF TRADE AND INDUSTRY. 2013. [Online] Available at: http://www.thedti.gov.za/DownloadFileAction?id=745 [Accessed 05/10/2019]. DEPARTMENT OF TRADE AND INDUSTRY. 2016. Intergrated Export Strategy, s.l.: s.n. DEPARTMENT OF TRADE AND INDUSTRY. 2018. A Guide to the dti Incentives Schemes. s.l.:s.n. DEPARTMENT OF TRADE AND INDUSTRY. 2018. Annual Report 2017/18, Pretoria: the dti. DEPARTMENT OF TRADE AND INDUSTRY. 2018. Industrial Policy Action Plan, s.l.: the dti. ELBEHRI, A. & LEETMAA, S. 2001. How significant are export subsidies to agricultural trade? Trade and welfare implications of global reforms, Chicago: Economic Research Service. FEENSTRA, R. C. 2018. Alternative Sources of the Gains from International Trade: Variety, Creative Destruction, and Markups. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 32(2),  25–46. FRANCIS, J. & COLLINS-DODD, C., 2004. Impact of export promotion programs on firm competencies, strategies and performance-The case of Canadian high-technology SMEs. International Marketing Review, 21(4), 474 -495. FREIXANET, J. & CHURAKOVA, I. 2018. The impact of Export Promotion Programs on Firm's Competencies and Performance in a Transition Economy:The Case of Russian Manufacturers. Journal of East-West Business, 24(4), 287-318. GAUTENG ENTERPRISE PROPELLER. 2017/18. Annual Report, s.l.: GEP. GAUTENG GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT AGENCY. 2016/17. Annual Report.  Johannesburg. GAUTENG GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT AGENCY. 2017/18. Annual Report.  Johannesburg. GAUTENG PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT. 2018. Socio-Economic Review and Outlook, Johannesburg: Gauteng Treasury. GIL, S., LLORCA, R. & SERRANO, J. M., 2007. Measuring the impact of regional export HADDOUD, M. 2017. Export Promotion Programmes and SME's Performance: Exploring the Network Promotion Role. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 1-49. Hill, C.W., 2013. International Business: Competing in the Global Marketplace. 9th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. INTERNATIONAL TRADE ADMINISTRATION COMMISSION OF SOUTH AFRICA. 2014. South Africa Trade Report. Pretoria: Government Printing Works IRANI, F. N. & SALIMI, V. 2019. On the Relationship between Export Market Orientation and Export Performance of Tehran Home Appliances Exporting Companies. International Journal of Management, Accounting and Economics, 6(1), 48-69. JALALI, S. H., 2012. The effect of export promotion programmes on export pefromance: evidence from Iranian food manufacturers. International Journal and Globalisation, 9(2), 122-133. KHALIQUE, M., ISA, A. B., SHAARI, N. & ABDUL, J. N. D. 2011. Challenges for Pakistani SMEs in a knowledge-based economy. Indus Journal of Management & Social Sciences, 5(2). KHAN, M. J., 2017. An Exploratory Evidence of the Types of Challenges and Opportunities Perceived by the Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in the Apparel Export Sector of Pakistan. 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MINISTRY OF FINANCE, GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN. 2014-15. s.l.: Ministry of Finance. MORGAN, N. A., KALEKA, A. & KATSIKEAS, C. S. 2004. Antecedents of Export Venture Performance: A Theoretical Model and Empirical Assessment. Vol. 60, pp. 90-108. MUHAMMAD, S.D. 2010. Microfinance challenges and opportunities in Pakistan. European Journal of Social Sciences, 14(1),  88. MULLER, M., 2000. Some observations on South Africa's economic diplomacy and the role of the deparment of foreign affairs, Johannesburg: The Institute of Global Dialogue. NJOROGE, I. 2010. Implementing a National Export Strategy -Lessons from the Commonwealth. 1st ed. London: Commonwealth. ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT. 2010. [Online]. Available at: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/economics/oecd-economic-surveys-south-africa 2010. [Accessed:10/09/2019]. OLARU, O.L. 2015. Trade Promotion Organizations (TPOs) Role in Laying the Groundwork for an Export Promotion Program. PIETERSEN, P. H., 2011. 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209 https://ijbed.org/details&cid=209 2023-05-29 The organizational and digital transformation projects are very complex to finalize, because of many reasons, and they mainly depend on the initial project’s phases. The initial phases depend on the critical Building Blocks (BB) based Reorganizational Process’ (RP) success, knowing that the Unbundling Process (UP) success and the deliverance of pool(s) of extracted and refined BBs, is the most important phase. BBs are combined to offer reusable Composite BBs (CBB), which are used to (re)build and optimize Organization’s Units (OU) Platform (OUP). The optimization of OUs takes into account mainly intangible and non-financial objectives. The Enterprise’s (ENT) RP is a sequence (or a set) of RPs on the OUP (RPOUP), which goal is to disassemble ENT’s: Legacy OUs’ archaic structure(s), Organizational processes, Information system’s administration, Resources/Artefacts, Applications/Modules, Working models, and Components; into dynamic reusable CBBs which can be (re)used in standardized or In-House-Implemented (IHI) Organizational BBs (OBB); where a OU is a set of OBBs and different OUs can share OBBs, and hence CBBs.  The conversion of the legacy OUs and their subsystems need an IHI Methodology, Domain, and Technology Common Artefacts Standard (MDTCAS) that maps to existing BBs, CBBs and OOBs. In generating Micro-Artifacts (MA) the RP can face major difficulties because of the ENT’s heterogenous human profiles/cultures, system parts, OU’s Resistances (OUR), managers/stakeholders exaggerated financial ambitions, and project’s limited time/budgets. In this chapter the author uses an adapted version of the Applied Holistic Mathematical Model (AHMM) for DEOM (AHMM4DEOM) (Trad, & Kalpić, 2020a) to support RPOUP’s feasibility that uses the initial phase’s pool of secured BBs that result from the Automated Refine Processes (ARP) based UP (Trad, 2023b). OU is a set of OBBs, and a Dynamic Enterprise Organizational Models (DEOM) is a set of OUs; and finally, an ENT is a set of OUs. Bishop, M. (2009). Standish Group CHAOS Report: Worst Project Failure Rate in a Decade. USA. Standish Group. Bizzdesign (2022). Digital Transformation. Bizzdesign. https://bizzdesign.com/blog-category/digital-transformation/ Capgemini (2011). Business transformation: From crisis response to radical changes that will create tomorrow’s business. A Capgemini Consulting survey. Capgemini. France. 2009. Chaione (2022). Digital Transformation-The 4 Types of Digital Transformation. Chaione.com. Charles (2017). 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210 https://ijbed.org/details&cid=210 2023-05-29 This research focused on examining the motivational factors that determine the behaviour of consumers in pre and post pandemic times in South Africa by conducting a secondary literature study in the selected universe, with the aim of exploring the key factors in the changes of consumption in men and women, due to the situation of isolation caused by COVID 19. The economic factor referring to the consumption of basic necessities in consumer behaviour is a benchmark for marketing sanitary. Because cleaning, sanitizing and medicinal products have become part of the basic (emerging) consumption of men and women in South Africa. Likewise, the psychological factor, from an exercise and health perspective, is another important factor in times of pandemic. The present study conducted in two phases, pre and post COVID-19 in South Africa. During those period consumers used to buy in a hybrid mode of shopping. Twelve variables (items) are used for the scale development of buying behaviour and taken from the literature and further improved through EFA (Exploratory Factor Analysis) in the study. The questionnaire was developed using the five-point Likert scale. The survey tool consisted of 30 items. There are 258 respondents were replied through online questionnaire. Two set of questions were asked, and responses were analysed. Amicarelli, V., Lagioia, G., Sampietro, S. and Bux, C., 2021. Has the COVID-19 pandemic changed food waste perception and behavior? Evidence from Italian consumers. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, p.101095. Baicu, C.G., Gârdan, I.P., Gârdan, D.A. and Epuran, G., 2020. The impact of COVID-19 on consumer behavior in retail banking. Evidence from Romania. Management & Marketing, 15(s1), pp.534-556. Boshoff, W.H., 2021. South African competition policy on excessive pricing and its relation to price gouging during the COVID‐19 disaster period. South African Journal of Economics, 89(1), pp.112-140. Brandtner, P., Darbanian, F., Falatouri, T. and Udokwu, C., 2021. Impact of COVID-19 on the customer end of retail supply chains: A big data analysis of consumer satisfaction. Sustainability, 13(3), p.1464. Butu, A., Brumă, I.S., Tanasă, L., Rodino, S., Dinu Vasiliu, C., Doboș, S. and Butu, M., 2020. The impact of COVID-19 crisis upon the consumer buying behavior of fresh vegetables directly from local producers. Case study: The quarantined area of Suceava County, Romania. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(15), p.5485. Dobbelstein, T. and Naidoo, V., 2020. German and South African millennials' reactions to fear and stress when purchasing products during COVID-19. The Retail and Marketing Review, 16(3), pp.68-84. 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SME Sustainability in South Africa Post-COVID-19. In Handbook of Research on Sustaining SMEs and Entrepreneurial Innovation in the Post-COVID-19 Era (pp. 419-437). IGI Global. Ngoc, H.N. and Kriengsinyos, W., 2020. Impacts of COVID-19 pandemic and its lockdown on global eating behavior: a Google Trends analysis. Norman, M.C., 2021. Post-COVID-19 retail customers' switching behaviour: A Case Study of Cape Town. Ong, A.K.S., Cleofas, M.A., Prasetyo, Y.T., Chuenyindee, T., Young, M.N., Diaz, J.F.T., Nadlifatin, R. and Redi, A.A.N.P., 2021. Consumer behavior in clothing industry and its relationship with open innovation dynamics during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 7(4), p.211. Öztürk, R., 2020. The trends of marketing literature during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review with bibliometric analysis. OPUS Uluslararası Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi, 16(29 Ekim Özel Sayısı), pp.3251-3273. Rabbi, M.F., Oláh, J., Popp, J., Máté, D. and Kovács, S., 2021. Food security and the COVID-19 crisis from a consumer buying behaviour perspective—the case of Bangladesh. Foods, 10(12), p.3073. Rabbi, M.F., Oláh, J., Popp, J., Máté, D. and Kovács, S., 2021. Food Security and the COVID-19 Crisis from a Consumer Buying Behaviour Perspective—The Case of Bangladesh. Foods 2021, 10, 3073. Rogerson, C.M. and Rogerson, J.M., 2021. COVID-19 and changing tourism demand: Research review and policy implications for South Africa. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 10(1), pp.1-21. Safari, A., 2022. Does Covid-19 Pandemic Change the Consumer Purchase Behavior Towards Cosmetic Products? Journal of Consumer Sciences, 7(1), pp.1-19. Tseane-Gumbi, L.A., 2020. TOURISM PROSPECTS POST COVID-19: A CLOSER LOOK IN TO AFRICAN COUNTRIES. Gender & Behaviour, 18(4). Valaskova, K., Durana, P. and Adamko, P., 2021. Changes in consumers’ purchase patterns as a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic. Mathematics, 9(15), p.1788. Verschuur, J., Koks, E.E. and Hall, J.W., 2021. Observed impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on global trade. Nature Human Behaviour, 5(3), pp.305-307. Wang, X.C., Kim, W., Holguín-Veras, J. and Schmid, J., 2021. Adoption of delivery services in light of the COVID pandemic: Who and how long? Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 154, pp.270-286. Zwanka, R.J. and Buff, C., 2021. COVID-19 generation: A conceptual framework of the consumer behavioral shifts to be caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 33(1), pp.58-67. https://ijbed.org/cdn/article_file/2023-05-29-11-42-37-AM.pdf Ankit Katrodia Consumer Buying Behaviour Post and Pre COVID Analysis South Africa 20344 81 1

211 https://ijbed.org/details&cid=211 2023-05-29 Purpose: The purpose of this study is to ascertain the environmental impact of renewable energy sources. Methodology: The research combines a pragmatist epistemology and an exploratory, inductive technique. Using the United Kingdom as a case study, the study collects primary data on participants' perspectives, perceptions, and attitudes regarding the connection between renewable energy sources and the environment through a self-administered survey (with 400 subjects) and in-depth interviews (sample size 25). Findings: Participants expressed worry about climate change and a keen understanding of the favourable effects of renewable energy sources on the environment, particularly in terms of pollution reduction, global warming reduction, and climate change mitigation. Practical Implications - The primary rationale for increased calls for the transition away from non-renewable energy sources is the desire to mitigate their negative environmental implications. Renewable energy sources must be expanded to meet this goal. Additional study is needed to identify viable policy pathways for accelerating the transition to renewable energy. Originality: To the best of the researcher's knowledge, this is the first study combining self-administered survey with 400 subjects and in-depth interviews with 25 subjects in the United Kingdom on the public's perspective of renewable energy, its status of development, hurdles, and role in mitigating global warming and climate change.  Arshad, M, & Abbas, M. (2018). ‘Water sustainability issues in biofuel production,’ in Arshad, M (ed.) Perspectives on water usage for biofuels production: aquatic contamination and climate change. Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 55-76. Bardi, U (2019). 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212 https://ijbed.org/details&cid=212 2023-05-29 This study examines the factors affecting people’s desire to hold money in liquid form (relative to investing it) in sixteen countries in Africa. Earlier studies on this subject matter examined the connection between the demand for money and income, exchange rate, price and interest rate. This study extends this work by including debt and population. The method of analysis of this study is unprecedented as it incorporates the Auto-regressive Distributed Lag technique, Panel Data and Elasticity concepts. Furthermore, most studies on the demand for money made use of data of almost a decade ago. The world is evolving and studies on money demand should be contemporaneous with this trend. The study found out that debt service, income and population significantly affect money demand. With the exception of population, there is no short run causality of all the regressors and the outcome variable. However, they become cointegrated in the long run at -0.1918. Furthermore, there is no problem of serial correlation, heteroscedacity and poor distribution of residuals in the model. All variables are tested at 5% level of significance. Afees S., Idris A. and Basiru Fatai (2013), “Modeling the Demand for Money in Sub Saharan Africa”. Economics Bulletins, Vol. 33 (1). Akinlo Enisan (2006), “The Stability of Money Demand in Nigeria: An Autoregressive Distributed Lag Approach”. Journal of Policy Model, 28 (4), page 445-452. Boorman, J. T. (1976), Monetary Theory and Practices. Arlington Heights, IL (USA) AHM Publisher. Chow (1966), Monetary Dynamics: An Application of Cointegration and Error Correction Modeling. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Vol. 23 (2). The Ohio State University Press. Goldfeld M. S. (1973), The Demand for Money Revisited. Economic Activity, Vol. 1973 (3): 577-646. Brookings Institution Press. Hamoris Shigeyyuki (2008), “Empirical Analysis of the Money Demand Function in Sub Saharan Africa”. Economic Bulletin 15: 1-15, Resource Version Publisher. Nikolaos Dritsakis (2011), The Demand for Money in Hungary: An ARDL Approach. Review of Economics and Finance, University of Macedonian, Greece. Pesaran M. H. and Shin, Y. (1999), “An Autoregressive Distributed Lag Modeling Approach to Co-integration Analysis”. Contenial Volume of Rangar Frisch, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. https://ijbed.org/cdn/article_file/2023-05-29-11-48-28-AM.pdf Ohiomoje Iyemifokhae Abubakar Money Demand Autoregressive Distributed Lag Panel Data Analysis Vector Error Correction Elasticity. 19307 50 0