IJBED 2051-848X 2051-8498 https://doi.org/10.24052/IJBED/ 21 Volume 07 Issue 02 2019-11-01

176 https://ijbed.org/details&cid=176 2019-10-23 This study attempts to examine the impact of entry modes of foreign direct investment (FDI) namely Greenfield investment and Brownfield investment towards unemployment in 25 Asian countries over the period of 2006 – 2015 (10 years) where the countries were divided into three groups: total, developing and developed Asian countries. The Breuch-Pagan Lagrange Multiplier test has been used to determine whether Ordinary Least Square or Fixed Effect-Instrumental Variables is appropriate for this study. In order to avoid the endogeneity problem that usually occurs in the panel data analysis, this study includes instrumental variables in the fixed effect estimators. The results depict mixed findings where both total and developed Asian countries are negatively significant between FDI and unemployment while both of the entry modes are insignificant. However, for the case of developing Asian countries, this study found insignificant and positive relationship between FDI and unemployment, while both entry modes of FDI were negatively significant towards unemployment. Thus, this study concludes that the entry modes of FDI are significant to reduce unemployment in developing Asian countries compared to developed Asian countries.  Aktar, I., Demirci, N., & Ozturk, L. (2009). Can Unemployment be Cured by Economic Growth and Foreign Direct Investment in Turkey? International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 27, 203 - 211. Amarendra, S., & Oscar, C. (2018). The Labor Market Effects of FDI: A Panel Data Evidence from Mexico. Foreign Direct Investment in Developing Countries, 161 - 209. Anderson, E., & Gatignon, H. (1986). Modes of Foreign Entry: A Transaction Cost Analysis and Propositions. Journal of International Business Studies, 17(3), 1-26. Angrist, J., & Alan, K. (2001). Instrumental Variables and the Search for Identification: From Supply and Demand to Natural Experiments. Journal of Economics Perspectives, 15(4), 69–85. Bayar, Y. (2014). Effects of economic growth, export and foreign direct investment inflows on unemployment in Turkey. Investment Management and Financial Innovations, 11(2). Bayar, Y., & Sasmaz, M. (2017). Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Unemployment in Emerging Market Economies: A Co-Integration Analaysis World Emerging Market Economies. International Journal f Business and Economic Sciences Applied Research, 10(3), 90 - 96. Branstetter, L. (2006). Is foreign direct investment a channel of knowledge. Journal of International Economics, 68(2), 325 – 344. Breusch, T., & Pagan, A. (1978). A simple test for heteroskedasticity and random coefficient variation. Econometrica, 46, 1287 - 1294. Chang, S.‐J., & Rosenzweig, P. M. (2001). The choice of entry mode in sequential foreign direct investment”. Strategic Management Journal, 22(8), 747 - 776. Chaudhuri, S., & Mukhopadhyay, U. (2014). Foreign direct investment in developing countries: A theoretical evaluation. Foreign Direct Investment in Developing Countries, 161–209. Gujarati, D., & Porter, D. (2009). Basic econometrics (5th ed.). Boston:McGraw-Hill. Hansen, L. P. (1982). Large Sample Properties of Generalized Method of Moments Estimators. Econometrica, 50, 1029-1054. Hisarciklilar, M., Gultekin-Karakas, D., & Asici, A. (2014). Can FDI be a Panacea for Unemployment? The Turkish Case. In T. Dereli, Y. P. Soykut-Sarica, & A. Sen-Tasbasi, Labor and Employment Relations in a Globalized World (pp. 43 - 70). Springer, Cham. Irpan, H. M., Saad, R. M., Nor, A. H., Noor, A. H., & Ibrahim, N. (2016). Impact of foreign direct investment on the unemployment rate in Malaysia. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 710. Jayaraman, T., & Singh, B. (2007). Foreign Direct Investment and Employment Creation in Pacific Island Countries: An Empirical Study of Fiji. Asia-Pacific Research and Training Network on Trade. Working Paper Series (3507). Lloyd, S. (1996). Universal Quantum SImulators. Science,New Series, 272(5278), 1073-1078. Malley, J., & Moutos, T. (2001). Capital accumulation and unemployment: A tale of two 'continents'. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 103(1), 79-99. Montgomery, D. C., Peck, E. A., & Vining, G. G. (2001). Introduction to linear regression analysis (3rd edition ed.). Wiley, New York. Mucuk, M., & Dermirsel, T. (2013). The effect of foreign direct investments on unemployment: Evidence from panel for seven developing countries. Journal of Business, Economics and Finance, 2(3), 54-66. Ndikumana, L., & Verick, S. (2008). The Lingkages between FDI and Domestic Investment: Unravelling the Developmental Impact of Foreign Investment. Development Policy Review, 26(6). OECD, O. f.-o. (2002). Foreign Direct Investment for Development: Masimising Benefits, Minimising Costs. OECD PUBLICATIONS,2. Root, F. R. (1987). Entry strategies for international markets. Lexington Book. Saray, M. (2011). The Relationship of Foreign Direct Investment and Employment; Turkey Case. Maliye Dergisi, 161, 381 -403. Sargan, J. D. (1975). Gram-Charlier Approximations Applied to t Ratios of k-Class Estimators. Econometrica, 43, 327-346. UNCTAD, U. N. (2017). Investment and New Industrial Policies. World Investment Report 2018. https://ijbed.org/cdn/article_file/2019-10-23-15-36-04-PM.pdf Meldebra Hilom-Polinon Taufik Abd Hakim Greenfield investment Brownfield investment foreign direct investment unemployment Fixed Effects Instrumental Variables 6673 93 0

177 https://ijbed.org/details&cid=177 2019-10-23 The study investigated the effect of public debts on economic growth of Nigeria for the period of thirty-eight (38) years, 1981 to 2018. Relevant secondary data were sourced from Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical bulletin and Debt Management Office. Among the objectives of the study is to: analyze the effect of domestic debts on the economic growth of Nigeria and evaluate the effect of foreign debts on the economic growth of Nigeria. The findings showed that domestic debts of the Federal government of Nigeria is positive and statistically significant to economic growth of Nigeria while foreign debts contribute less to the economic growth of the country. Cost of debts servicing is significant and has a negative effect on economic growth. Abula, M. & Mordecai (2016). The impact of public debt on economic development of Nigeria. Asian research journal of arts and social sciences 1(1): 1 – 16. Adebiyi, W.K. and Olowookere, J.K. (2013). Managing Nigeria debt: the practical solutions. Research Journal of finance and accounting. 4(19):4 Adesola W.A, (2009) Debt servicing and economic growth in Nigeria: an empirical investigation Global journal of social sciences 8 (2): 1-11 Adofu, & Abula, M. (2010). Domestic debt and Nigerian economy. Current research journal of economic theory 2(1): 22 – 26 Anochie, U.C., Ude, D.K. & Osuji, C. (2015). Evaluating the Nigeria’s domestic public debt stock: Implications to economic growth. Journal of empirical economics 4(6): 298 – 312. Asaogwa, R.C.& Ezema, C. C. (2005). Domestic government debt structure, risk characteristics and monetary policy conduct: Evidence from Nigeria. Research report submitted for the “International research project on macroeconomic policy challenges for low income countries”  Blake, T. (2015). Investigating the Impact of public debt on economic growth in Jamaica. Chinanuife, E., Eze, P. and Nwodo, O., (2018). Public debt spiral and domestic investment in Nigeria.  American Journal of Economic Studies 4 (1): 153-161 Egbehende, T. (2012). Public debt and economic growth in Nigeria: Evidence from Granger Causality. American journal of economics 2(6): 101 – 106. Essien, S.N., Agboegbulem, N.T.I., Mba, M.K., and Onumonu, O.G (2016). An empirical analysis of the macroeconomic impact of public debt in Nigeria. CBN Journal of applied statistics vol. 7 No. 1 (a). Kehinde, Olanike, Oni & Achukwi (2015).  Public debt and private investment in Nigeria. America Journal of Economic 5 (5): 501-507. Kobayashi, K. (2015). Public debt overhang and economic growth. Policy Research Institute Ministry of Finance Japan, Public Review, Vol. 11, (2): 247 -275 Otaki, M. (2015). Public debt as a burden future generation: a Keynesian Approach, DBJ Discussion Paper Series, No. 1502. Picarelli, M.O; Vanlaer, W & Marneffe, W. (2019). Does Public debt produce a crowding out effect for public investment in the EU? European Stability Mechanism. Rafindadi, A.A & Musa, A. (2019). An empirical analysis of the impact of public debt management strategies on Nigeria’s debt profile. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issue. 9(2):125-137 Rahman, Y.B. Adeola, I.K., Abiodun, O.M. & Tolulope, A.O. (2010). Debt management and economic growth in Nigeria: performance, challenges and responsibilities. Sanusi, J.O. (2003). Management of Nigeria’s domestic debt. Udoka, C.O. & Ogege, S. (2012). Public debt and crisis of development in Nigeria econometric investigation. Asian journal of finance and accounting 4. (2) Uguru, L.C. (2016). The link between public debt and government expenditure pattern: the Nigeria experience. IOSR Journal of business and management. 18 (1): 37 – 41. Ujuju L.E. & Oboro J.O (2017). Nigeria debt structure and its effects on economic performance. International Journal of Business and Management Review 5(10):79-88   https://ijbed.org/cdn/article_file/2019-10-23-15-46-08-PM.pdf Alagba Ochuko S. Eferakeya Idowu Borrowing Domestic debt Economic growth Foreign debt Public debt 6702 82 4

178 https://ijbed.org/details&cid=178 2019-10-23 The fundamental theme of ‘economic growth driven concept’ introduced by China through ‘Belt and Road Initiative’ is to connect the business world in the contemporary environments of today and in times to come. Business and trade are fundamental to all economic pursuits of communities and societies. The people being more quality consciousness are looking for better, affordable and easily available products. This implies that in times to come, firms producing goods and services would require to be more competitive, innovative and agile to come up-to the standards of consumers. That is possible when they are better connected in people to people and state dimensions for sustaining growth of business and trade.  The spirit behind Chinese Initiative of creating a network of roads and track appears to be idealized for mutual businesses where all stakeholders have win-win positions. The economic and social growth is the idea behind this initiative and countries especially those involved through corridors have very important roles to play for its ultimate success. ‘Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has two main components; one is ‘Silk Road Economic Belt’ and second ‘Maritime Silk Road’ covering land and sea voyage respectively. It covers Europe, Africa, Eurasia, Middle east, South East Asia and East Asia. Pakistan becomes its part through China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC).  The paper aims at analyzing BRI with respect to its economic benefits to the states and social cohesion through business communications and interactions. It is based on secondary data about BRI and related economic corridors. Its analysis is based on mix methodology, corroborating quantitative and qualitative aspects. In its findings, the paper provides avenues of socio-economic developments of participating states and implications on cultural aspects as well as challenges. In its concluding parts, it also invites further studies to continue providing more academic insights to the readers.    Ali, e. a., 2017. The potential socio-economic impact of China Pakistan Economic Corridor. Asian Development Policy Review, 5(4), pp. 191-198. Ali, A. (2015). China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC): Prospects and Challenges for Regional Integration. International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanity Studies, 7(1), 1–15. Aqeel, M. (2016). Impact of China Pakistan Economic Corridor, as per data available. China Daily. (2019). Funding of BRI - Google Search. Retrieved from https://www.google.com/search?ei=M549XY6fJPGW1fAPwZCegAw&q=Funding+of+BRI&oq=Funding+of+BRI&gs_l=psy-ab.3...0j0i22i30l9.3606.6479...7765...0.0..0.369.3594.2-13j1......0....1..gws-wiz.......0i71j35i39j0i131i67j0i131j0i67j0i20i263.u97z563Zlh4&ved=0ahUKEwjOhNu519fjAhVxSxUIHUGIB8AQ4dUDCAo&uact=5 Economic Times. (2017, May 8). China says CPEC attracted USD 46 billion  investments: www//economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/58581060.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst. The Economic Times. Retrieved from  https://economictimes.indiatimes.com Express Tribune. (2019). CPEC, Gwadar and the road ahead | The Express Tribune. Retrieved from  https://tribune.com.pk/story/1941685/6-cpec-gwadar-road-ahead/ Hali, Shukui and Iqbal. (2016). Completion of CPEC: Impact on Pakistan’s Strategic Position and Economy: Islamabad Policy Research Institute. Retrieved from https://ipripak.org/completion-of-cpec-impact-on-pakistans-strategic-position-and-economy/ McKinsey. (n.d.-a). Fig. 1. The map of One Belt and One Road initiative. Source: McKinsey... Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-map-of-One-Belt-and-One-Road-initiative-Source-McKinsey-Company_fig1_323247730 McKinsey. (n.d.-b). the map of One Belt and One Road initiative. Source: McKinsey Company.... | Download Scientific Diagram. Retrieved from  https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-map-of-One-Belt-and-One-Road-initiative-Source-McKinsey-Company_fig1_323247730 Pakistan Today. (2019). ‘Communication network in Balochistan being improved’ | Pakistan Today. Retrieved from https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/03/18/communication-network-in-balochistan-being-improved/ Pakistan Today. (n.d.). Pakistan, China reject criticism against CPEC | Pakistan Today. Retrieved from https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2019/04/09/pakistan-china-reject-criticism-against-cpec/ Rosengard, J. K. (2004). Banking on Social Entrepreneurship: The Commercialization of Microfinance. Mondes en development, no 126(2), 25–36. Stephanie Petrella. (2017). Economic Corridors. Retrieved July 28, 2019, from  https://reconnectingasia.csis.org/analysis/entries/what-economic-corridor/ Tanoli, J. R. (2016). Comparative Analysis of Gwadar and Chabahar: The Two Rival Ports. 7. Viktoria Akchurina. (2018). Mapping the Belt and Road Initiative: Geography and Architecture | TRENDS. Retrieved from http://trendsinstitution.org/mapping-the-belt-and-road-initiative-geography-and-architecture/ World Bank. (2017). Belt and Road Initiative [Text/HTML]. Retrieved from  https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/regional-integration/brief/belt-and-road-initiative https://ijbed.org/cdn/article_file/2019-10-23-15-48-55-PM.pdf Bashir Ahmad Maawra Salam Anita Laila S M Ahsan Rizvi Connectivity Business and Trade Economic and Social Development 6745 65 0

179 https://ijbed.org/details&cid=179 2019-10-23 This paper intends to investigate the impacts and consequences of the inflow of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on Domestic Investment (DI) by the occurrence of the financial crisis (before, during and after Asia financial crisis) in Asia. The data were collected from 1993 to 2001 and separated into three sub-periods of 1993-1995 (Before Asia Financial Crisis), 1996-1998 (During Asia Financial Crisis) and 1999-2001 (After Asia Financial Crisis), consisting of 38 Asian countries. In this paper, we estimated the data using the balanced panel data of Fixed Effects (FE) and Random Effects (RE) estimators with the existence of Instrumental Variables (IV). The general empirical finding found that FDI has crowded out (negative) effect on DI for all sub-periods where sub-periods during and after the Asia financial crisis showed significant results. Thus, this study concludes that the inflow of FDI is not statistically significant and harmful for DI before the Asia financial crisis. However, the impact of FDI is significant but negatively correlated with DI for the case of during and after the Asia financial crisis. Therefore, this study reveals that different economic conditions influence the inconsistent significance or not significant impact of FDI on DI in Asian countries. Agosin, M. R., & Mayer, R. (2000). Foreign investment in developing countries: Does it crowd in domestic investment? . UNCTAD Discussion Papers, 146.  Ahmed, K. T., Ghani, G. M., Mohamad, N., & Derus, A. M. (2014). Does inward FDI crowd-out domestic investment? Evidence from Uganda. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 172(2015), 419 – 426  Al-Sadig, A. (2013). The effects of foreign direct investment on private domestic investment: Evidence from developing countries. Empirical Economics, 44(3), 1267–1275.  Anastasia, O. C., Omade, S. I., & Osemen, E. J. (2011). Long run relationship between private investment and monetary policy in Nigeria. Journal of Finance and Accounting, 2(6), 30-39.  Ang, J. B. (2009). Do public investment and FDI crowd in or crowd out private domestic investment in Malaysia? Applied Economics, 41(7), 913-919.  Chopra, S., & Sachdeva, S. K. (2014). Analysis of FDI inflows and outflows in India. Journal of Advanced Management Science 2(4), 326-332.  Chowdhry, B., & Goyal, A. (2000). Understanding the financial crisis in Asia. Pacific-Basin Finance Journal 8(2), 135-152.  Elhiraika, A. B. (2001). Foreign capital inflow, domestic credit and private investment in Swaziland. Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review, 17(2), 69-90.  Firebaugh, G. (1992). Growth effects of foreign and domestic investment. American Journal of Sociology, 98(1), 105-130.  Froyen, R. T. (2013). Macroeconomics theories and policies (10 ed.). Gocer, I., Mercan, M., & Peker, O. (2014). Effect of foreign direct investments on the domestic investments of developing countries: A dynamic panel data analysis. Journal of Economic and Social Studies, 4(1), 73-90.  Hymer, S. H. (1976). The international operations of national firms: A study of direct foreign investment. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge.    Ipek, E., & Kizilgöl, Ö. A. (2015). The contribution of FDI flows to domestic investment: An econometric analysis of developing countries. Journal of Management & Economics, 22(2), 402-413.  Kamaly, A. (2014). Does FDI crowd in or out domestic investment? New evidence from emerging economies Scientific Research, 5(4), 391-400.  Kim, D. D.-K., & Seo, J.-S. (2003). Does FDI inflow crowd out domestic investment in Korea? Journal of Economic Studies, 30(6), 605-622.  Kowalski, E. (2000). Determinants of economic growth in East Asia: A linear regression model. Honors Projects, 74.  Lean, H. H., & Tan, B. W. (2011). 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Foreign direct investment, productivity and crowding-out: Dynamic panel evidence on vietnamese firms. Paper presented at the Proceedings of Economics and Finance Conferences International Institute of Social and Economic Sciences.  Sohn, C.-H. (2014). The nature of FDI competition in East Asia: Crowding-out or crowding-in?. Center for Economic and Social Studies in Asia (CESSA) Working Paper, 2014-01.  UNCTAD. (1998). World Investment Report 1998: Trends and determinants: United Nation. Wang, M. (2010). Foreign direct investment and domestic investment in the host country: Evidence from panel study. Applied Economics, 42(29), 3711-3721.   https://ijbed.org/cdn/article_file/2019-10-23-15-52-15-PM.pdf Nurul Azwanie Binti Budang Taufik Abd Hakim Foreign Direct Investment Domestic Investment Instrumental Variables Fixed Effect Random Effect Panel Regression. 6166 583 0

180 https://ijbed.org/details&cid=180 2019-10-23 Remittances are monetary and non-monetary items that migrants send to members of their respective families and communities in their countries of origin. Several studies have argued that remittances rarely fund productive investment while others argued otherwise. Previous studies have focused on the impact of the aggregate remittances on households’ investment without considering the roles of the different types of remittances like aggregate, cash, food and other remittances on households’ investment in Nigeria. This study was therefore designed to analyse the impact of the various types of remittances on households’ investment in the rural areas, urban areas and in the geo-political zones of Nigeria. Data were obtained from the Harmonised Nigerian Living Standard Survey of 2009/2010. The study was premised on the Investment Theory. The Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) technique was used in estimating the model and probit regression was used as robustness check of the OLS estimate. Instrumental variable test was used to verify the existence of endogeneity in the model. The impacts of the aggregate, cash, food and other remittances on households’ investments are chequered in the rural areas, urban areas and in the geo-political zones of Nigeria. Adams, R. H. 1991. The Effects of International Remittances on Poverty, Inequality and Development in Rural Egypt. Washington D.C., Page 14-23. Adams, R. and Page, J. 2005. “Do International Migration and Remittances Reduce Poverty in Developing Countries?” World Development, 33 (10): 1645 1669. Ballard, R. 2003. “A case of capital-rich under-development: The paradoxical consequencies of successful transnational entrepreneurship from Mirpur” in Osella and Gardner (eds) Migration, Modernity and Social Transformation in South Asia, New Delhi, Sage Publications. Beijer, G. 1970. International and National Migratory Movements. International Migration 8.3: 93-109. Bracking, S. (2003). Sending Money Home: Are Remittances always beneficial to those who stay behind? Journal of International Development, 15 (): 633-644. Campbell, J. and Mankiw, G. 1989. Consumption, Income and Interest Rate: Re-interpreting the time series evidence. Page 185 246. Carling, J. 2004. Policy option for increasing the benefits of remittances, Working Paper 8, Centre for Migration, Policy and Society (Compas), University of Oxford, United Kingdom, London. Cuong, N. V. (2009). The Impact of International and Internal Remittances on Households’ Welfare: Evidence from Vietnam. Asian-Pacific Development Journal, 16 (1):  de Haas, H. 2005. International Migration, Remittances and Development: Myths and Facts. Third World quarterly, 2 (8): 1269 1284. de Haas, H. 2006. Migration, Remittances and Regional Development. Southern Morocco, Geoforum, 37 (): 565-580. Dharkal, S. (2012). International Remittances Households’ Expenditures and Savings: Evidence from Nepal. Master Thesis of Department of UMB, School of Economics and Business, University of Norwegian Life Sciences. Entzinger, H. 1985. Return Migrants in Western Europe: Current Policy Trends and their Implications in particular for the Second Generation. International Migration 23.2: 263-290. Etowa, E. B. (2015). Effects of Migrant Remittances on Farm Households’ Welfare in Nigeria. Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. Gounder, N. 2012. The determinant of household consumption and Poverty in Fiji. Griffith University. Heckman, J. 1979. Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error. Econometrica, 47 (1): 153-161. HNLSS 2009/2010: Harmonised Nigerian Living Standard Survey (HNLSS). Levitt, P. (2001). Transnational Migration: Taking stock and future direction. Global Networks, 1 (3): 195-216. Lieten, G. and Nieuwenhuys, O. 1989. Introduction: Survival and Emancipation. In G.K. Lieten, Olga Nieuwenhuys and Loes Schenk-Sandbergen. Eds. Women Migrants and Tribal: Survival Strategy in Asia. Manohar, New Delhi, page 8. Lipton, M. 1980. Migrants from the rural areas of poor countries: The impact on rural productivity and income distribution. World Development 8.1: 1 24. Lucas, R. and Stark, O. 1985. Motivation to Remit: Evidence from Botswana. Journal of political economy, 93 (5):  901 918. Mukherjee, S. and Benson, T. 2003. The Determinants of Poverty in Malawi. 1998 World Development, vol. 3 (2): 339 358. National Bureau of Statistics 2004. Nigerian Living Standards and Measurement Surveys. NBS: Abuja, Nigeria. NBS 2010: Nigeria Poverty Profile. Poirine, B. 1997. A theory of remittances as an implicit family loan arrangement. World Bank Development, 25 (4): 89 611. Rajan, G. and Subramanian, A. 2005. What Undermines Aid’s Impact on Growth? IMF Working Paper 05/126: Washington D.C. Ratha, D. 2003. Worker’s remittances: An important and stable source of external development finance. Global development finance: 157 172, World Bank. Ratha, D. and Mohapatra (2007). Increasing the Macroeconomic Impact of Remittances on Development. Development Prospects Group, the World Bank, Washington D.C. 20433. Ratha, D. and Plaza, S. 2016. Trends in Remittances, 2016: A New Normal of Slow Growth. Robinson, R. (2004). Globalisation, Immigrants’ transnational Agency and Economic Development in their homeland, Policy Paper, Canadian Foundation for the Americas. Sander, C. 2003. Migrant Remittances to Developing Countries. Paper presented for DFID, Bannock Consulting. Skeldon, R. 1997. Migration and Development: A Global Perspective. Essex: Longman. Stark, Oded and Bloom, David 1985. The New Economics of Labour Migration. AEA Papers and Proceedings. Frontiers in Demographic Economies. 75 (2): 1 6. Taylor, J. E. and Martin, P. L. (2001). Human Capital: Migration and Rural Population change. In Bruce L. Gardner and Gordon C. Rausser (eds), Handbook of Agricultural Economics, Volume 1A: 457-511, Amstadam Elsvier Science, North Holland, 2001. Todaro, M. 1969. A model of Labour Migration and Urban Development in Less Developed Countries. American Economic Review 59.1: 138 148. Van Dalen, H., Groenewold, G. and Fokkema, T. 2005. The Effect of Remittances on Emigration Intentions in Egypt, Morocco and Turkey. Population Studies 59.3: 375-382. Van Hear, N. and Sorensen, N. (2003) (Eds). The Migration Development Nexus. Geneva: The United Nations and International Organisation for migration. Vu and Baulch, 2011. Assessing Alternative Poverty Proxy Methods in Rural Vietnam. Oxford University Studies, 39 (3): 339-367. World Bank, 2016. Migration and Remittances: Recent Development and Outlooks. Yang, D. (2006). International Migration, Remittances and Households’ Investments: Evidence from Phillipine Migrants’ Exchange Rate Shocks. Working Paper 12325. Zhu, Y.; Wu, Z.; Wang, M.; Du, Y. and Cai, F. (2008). Do Migrants really save more? Understanding the Impact of Remittances on Savings in Rural China. Paper presented at the Chinese Academy of Social Science.   https://ijbed.org/cdn/article_file/2019-10-23-15-55-09-PM.pdf Ohiomoje Iyemifokhae Abubakar Abiodun Folawewo Remittances Households Investment Ordinary Least Squares Probit Heckman’s endogeneity test. 5454 57 5

181 https://ijbed.org/details&cid=181 2019-10-23 This study investigates the drivers and challenges faced by Mauritian organisations in implementing green jobs. Data was collected through online questionnaires to companies in six major sectors of the economy to identify their level of awareness, to investigate their readiness to embark into green jobs while at the same time, assess the drivers and the challenges. The results showed that the implementation of green jobs in Mauritius is at an early stage and that much needs to be done. Furthermore, Spearman rho correlation found no relation between sector activity and the level of awareness. Moreover, regardless of the sector that the companies are; they face the same difficulties to implement green jobs. The study however showed that firms that do not have green jobs, do engage in green practices like the use of renewable energy, minimising pollution and maximising the use of day light. The major drivers identified were customer preferences and government regulations while the major challenges which emerged were costs and the lack of trained employees.  Based on the findings, recommendations were made with respect to the enhancement of existing regulations and policies, subsidisation of costs and dispensing of training programmes to stakeholders concerned   Bahauddin, K. M. & Iftakhar, N., 2013. Prospect and Potential of Green Jobs towards Green Economy in Bangladesh: A Situation Analysis. Global Journal of Management and Business Research, Volume XIII. Bowen, A., Duffy, C. & Fankhauser, S., 2016. Green growth’ and the new Industrial Revolution, s.l.: Global Green Growth Institute. Čekanavičius, L., Bazytė, R. & Dičmonaitė, A., 2014. Green Business: Challenges and Practices. Ekonomika, Volume 93. Creswell, J. W., 1994. Research Design: Qualitative & Quantitative Approaches. London: SAGE Publications. Fankhauser, S., Seheiler, F. & Stern, N., 2008. 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