IJBED 2051-848X 2051-8498 https://doi.org/10.24052/IJBED/ 2 Volume 01 Issue 2 2013-07-01 https://www.ijbed.org/cdn/issue_file/1_Number-2.pdf

12 https://www.ijbed.org/details&cid=12 2014-03-03 Attracting foreign direct investment for a developing country such as Romania is a key driver for economic growth and, thus, for development. But what factors determinates the FDI in Romania? To answer this question, our paper investigates in which extend the country risk influence the foreign direct investment flows in Romania. We had chosen country risk because it gathers in one composite rating the most important variables that asses the political, economic and financial environment of a country. Using data from UNCTAD for foreign direct investment, economic growth, as control variable, and International Country Risk Guide Composite Rating for a period of 21 years, our study shows that country risk ratings have a strong negative impact on FDI in case of Romania Abdi, H., Lynne J. W. (2010). Principal Component Analysis, Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews, Computational Statistics, 2, 433-459  http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wics.101/pdf Albuquerque, R. (2000). The Composition of International Capital Flows: Risk Sharing through Foreign Direct Investment, Bradley Policy Research Center, Working Paper No. FR 00-08 (Rochester, New York: University of Rochester) Blönigen, B. A. (2005). A review of the Empirical Literature on FDI Determinants, University of Oregon and NBER, NBER Working Paper Nr. 11299, http://darkwining.uoregon.edu/~bruceb/FDIsurvey2.pdf Borensztein, J., De Gregorio, J., Lee, J-W. (1998). How does foreign direct investment affect economic growth?, Journal of International Economics, 45, 115-135 Butler, K. C., Joaquin, D. C. (1998). A note on political risk and the required return on foreign direct investment. Journal of International Business Studies, 29(3), 599–606 Dunning, J.H. (2002). Relational assets, networks and international business activity, in F.J. Contractor and P. Lorange (eds.), Cooperative Strategies and Alliances, Pergamon: New York, 569–594. Faria, A., Mauro, P. (2004). Institutions and the External Capital Structure of Countries, IMF Working Paper 04/236 (Washington: International Monetary Fund) International Country Risk International Country Risk Guide Methodology, http://www.prsgroup.com/ICRG_Methodology.aspx , 01 June 2013 Knack, S., Keefer, P (1995), Institutions and Economic Performance: Cross-Country Tests Using Alternative Institutional Indicators. Economics and Politics, Vol. 7, No. 3, 207-228 Mauro, P. (1995), Corruption and Growth, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 110, No. 3, 681-712 OECD Benchmark Definition of Foreign Direct Investment,  http://www.oecd.org/daf/inv/investmentstatisticsandanalysis/46212218.pdf, 01 June 2013 UNCTADstat,http://unctadstat.unctad.org/ReportFolders/reportFolders.aspx?sRF_ActivePath=P,5,27&sRF_Expanded=,P,5,27, 01 June 2013 Wei, S-J (2000), Local Corruption and Global Capital Flows, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, (2), 303-354 https://www.ijbed.org/cdn/article_file/i-2_c-12.pdf Cristina Mihaela Amarandei Country risk foreign direct investment institutions 5135 6 0

13 https://www.ijbed.org/details&cid=13 2014-03-03 Increased global economic integration, global forms of governance, globally inter-linked social and environmental developments are often referred to as “globalization”. The target of this article is to prove the dependency of globalization on human development. The first part provides the methodology of measuring overall globalization with emphasis on the KOF Index of Globalization 2007. The Index of Globalization includes economic, social, and political contexts. The second part introduces one of the parameters of institutional quality – HDI (or rather IHDI as the real indicator of the level of human development) and its methodology. The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index combines three dimensions: A long and healthy life, access to knowledge, and a decent standard of living. The third part compares indices and scores together, analyzes them, and confirms or refutes the empirical relationships between the Index of Globalization and its parts and the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index. It is possible to conclude from the results achieved in the study that globalization remains primarily, a very strong and powerful economic phenomenon. But spurring growth rates and reducing poverty in countries with poor institutions cannot be done simply by globalizing their economies ATK/FP 2011. Globalization Index. A. T. Kearney Consulting Group and Foreign Policy Magazine (2002 and following years). Available from Internet: http://www.foreignpolicy.com/. Amavilah, V. H. 2009. National Symbols, Globalization, and the Well-Being of Nations. REEPS Working Paper, no. 20091. Available from Internet: http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/14882/1/MPRA_paper_14882.pdf. Bednářová, P.; Laboutková, Š.; Kocourek, A. 2011. On the Relationship between Globalization and Human Development. In Kocourek, A. (ed.) Proceedings of the 10th International Conference Liberec Economic Forum 2011. Liberec: Technical University of Liberec, 61-71. Bergh, A.; Nilsson, T. 2010. Good for Living? On the Relationship between Globalization and Life Expectancy. World Development, 38 (9): 1191-1203. Bjørnskov, C. 2006. Globalization and Economic Freedom: New Evidence. University of Aarhus, the 2nd Danish International Economics Workshop, 2006. Borensztien, E. et al. 1998. How Does Foreign Direct Investment Affect Economic Growth? Journal of International Economic, 45(1): 115-135. Chanda, A. 2001. The Influence of Capital Controls on Long Run Growth: Where and How Much? North Carolina State University. Available from Internet: http://www.ncsu.edu/. Dollar, D.; Kraay, A. 2004. Trade, Growth, and Poverty. Economic Journal, 114(493): F22-F49. Dreher, A.; Siemers, L. H. R. 2005. The Intriguing Nexus between Corruption and Capital Account Restrictions. KOF Working Paper 113, ETH Zurich, 2005. Available from Internet: http://www.rwi-essen.de. Dreher, A. 2006. Does Globalization Affect Growth? Evidence from a New Index of Globalization. Applied Economics, 38(10): 1091-1110. Dreher, A.; Gaston, N.; Martens, P. 2010. Measuring Globalization – Gauging Its Consequences. 2nd Ed. New York: Springer Science+Business Media. Ekman, B. 2003. Globalization and Health: An Empirical Analysis Using Panel Data. Lund: Lund University. Garret, G. 2001. The Distributive Consequences of Globalization. Yale: Yale University. Greenaway, D. et al. 1999. Exports, export composition and growth. Journal of International Trade and Economic Development, 8(1): 41-51. Heineman, F. 2000. Does globalization restrict budgetary autonomy? Intereconomics: Review of European Economic Policy, 35(6): 288-298. Human Development Report 2011: Sustainability and Equity: A Better Future for All. 2011. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Available from Internet: http:// hdr.undp.org /en/media /HDR_2011 _EN_Complete.pdf. International Human Development Indicators. 2011. New York: UNDP. Available from Internet: http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/tables/default.html. KOF Index of Globalization. 2011. Zurich: Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich. Available from Internet: http://globalization.kof.ethz.ch/static/rawdata/ globalization _2011b _long.xls. Sameti, M. 2004. Globalization and Size of Government Economic Activities. Isfahan: Isfahan University. Tsai, M. C. 2007. Does Globalization Affect Human Well-Being? Social Indicators Research, 81(1): 103-126. Vymětal, P.; Žák, M. 2005. Instituce a výkonnost [Institutions and Performance]. Politická ekonomie, 53(4): 545-566. WMRC. 2001. World Markets Research Centre. Available from Internet: http://www.globalinsight.com/. https://www.ijbed.org/cdn/article_file/i-2_c-13.pdf Ales Kocourek Sarka Laboutkova Pavla Bednarova Developed countries developing countries Human Development Index institutional quality KOF Globalization Index 5322 10 0

14 https://www.ijbed.org/details&cid=14 2014-03-03 Over the past few decades, Sudan has witnessed more involuntary movement of its population, to Arab oil-rich countries since 1973. The movement of the most qualified and trained personnel from Sudan can be best described as (selective migration) made Sudan loose a great number of highly equipped and trained manpower, which in turn the successive governments of Sudan exhausted generously huge sums on their education, qualification and training. What is more unfortunate is that the substitute manpower lacks due experience and is characterizes by incompetency, and that the country remains in dire need of the influential manpower that immigrated for the construction of giant projects. This study tackles a number of questions such as: What are the problems and incentives that make this academically qualified and experienced manpower to prefer immigration to work abroad despite the fact that they know the country is in dire need of their service? Did the policies followed by the state play a role in encouraging such qualified sector of manpower to immigrate? What is the future of the economic development in Sudan within the framework of the incessantly growing immigration wave? Anonymous 1987. “Money Transfers of Arab Working Abroad (Impact, Regulating & Benefiting Means.” Arab Institute for Planning- House of Publication, Translation and Distribution-Kuwait; 305. Jalaudeen, M. Al-Awad. 1979. “Emigration of the Sudanese – Council of Economic & Social Researches.” National Council for Research-University of Khartoum Printing Press- First Edition-1979; 36. Lion F. Bofair, Henry S. Shrayouk and Hary W. Hendreson. 1985. “International Immigration Past, Present and Future" Translated by Fawzi Sahawnah - Published with the support from both the Jordanian University and UN; 61. Migration in Sudan: A country profile 2011. International Organization for Migration (IOM). Khartoum: Sudan; p. 19. Omar, S. July 2010. “Resettlement of Sudanese living abroad: opportunities and limitations.” Network for Peace in the Horn of Africa; p. 6. Page, J. & Plaza, S. August 18, 2005. Migration Remittances and Development: A Review of Global Evidence. Reports of the Bank of Sudan, 1987. Republic of Sudan Bank of Sudan. UN-International Immigration Organization, 2002. Universal Declaration of Human Rights. https://www.ijbed.org/cdn/article_file/i-2_c-14.pdf Haga Abdelrahman El-Imam Nadia Yusuf Immigration population Sudan manpower labour 5192 2 0

15 https://www.ijbed.org/details&cid=15 2014-03-03 There has been a longstanding debate on whether foreign direct investment (FDI) benefits developing countries, particularly those that are small and poor with a limited market size. The paper explores this issue in Swaziland, a country that has attracted a great deal of FDI in the past, but is still struggling economically to grow. The benefits of FDI to Swaziland have been mixed, but research has not explored the less obvious drawbacks, as it is normally assumed that FDI is beneficial. The paper concludes that it is not FDI that is the problem, but rather how it is managed and balanced with the needs of the indigenous firms. Afribiz, December, 2010, www.afribiz.info/cintents/starting-registering-a-business-in-swaziland. Corporate Communications,  http:// www.mtn.sz, Accessed 16/10/2012. Feldstein, M.  2000, "Aspects of Global Economic Integration: Outlook for the Future," NBER Working Paper No. 7899 (Cambridge, Massachusetts: National Bureau of Economic Research). Foster V. and Briceno-Garmendia C. (2010) Eds. Africa Infrastructure: A Time for Transformation. Washington DC, Agence Francaise De Development and the World- Bank. International Monetary Fund Survey: 2010 Joubert P.N., (2008) Challenges and Prospects of Attracting Inward Investment into Swaziland, UNISWA Research Journal, Vol. 22: 44-65. June. ISSN: 1017-7442. Joubert P.N and Dlamini P.G (2012) Swaziland Fiscal Challenges: The impact on Business, A research report prepared for the Federation of Swaziland Employers and Chamber of Commerce. Kobla Quashie SMMEs Survey (2003). Lipsey,R.  and Sjoholm,  F. (2005 )  “The Impact of FDI on Host Countries: Why such different answers?” in  Moran, T. ; Montgomery, E. and Blomstrom, M.  Does Foreign Direct Investment Promote Development? Center for Global Development: Institute for Global Economics, pp. 23-44. Loungani, P. and Razin, A. (2001), How beneficial is foreign direct investment for developing countries?  Finance and Development, 38(2) http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2001/06/loungani.htm Madonsela W. (2006). “The textile and clothing industry of Swaziland”: In Herbert Jauch / Rudolf Traub-Merz (Eds.) The Future of the Textile and Clothing Industry in Sub-Saharan: http://library.fes.de/pdffiles/iez/03796/17swaziland.pdf (Accessed 7/04/9). pp. 148-247 Makola, 2003.   In Masuku M. and Dlamini T (2009) Determinants of foreign direct investment inflows in Swaziland,  Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics Vol. 1(5), pp. 177-184. Masuku, M. and Dlamini, T.   (2009),  Determinants of foreign direct investment inflows in Swaziland,  Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics Vol. 1(5), pp. 177-184. Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Trade, Swaziland Business Year book, 2012, Swaziland Publishing, Mbabane. Ministry of Economics and Planning, Swaziland Economic Outlook, 2010, Swaziland Publishing, Mbabane. Moss, T., Ramachandran, V. and Shah, M.  (2005)  “Is Africa’s scepticism of foreign capital justified? Evidence from East African firm survey data” in  Moran, T. ; Montgomery, E. and Blomstrom, M.  Does Foreign Direct Investment Promote Development? Center for Global Development: Institute for Global Economics  PP 337-366. OECD: (2002)  Foreign Direct Investment for Development: Maximising Benefits,Minimising Costs: OECD Private Sector Development Strategy, 2011 , Mbabane Swaziland Printing Press. Swaziland Economic Outlook, 2010 Swaziland Economic Recovery Strategy, 2011. Swaziland Minister of Finance: Budget Speech 2011.  Swaziland House of Parliament.  Swaziland Yearbook: 2011 UNCTAD World Investment Report, 2012 World Bank Data Bank 2006  – data.worldbank.org, accessed 16 October, 2012 World Bank Report, 2011, www.easeofdoingbusiness.org/rankings, accessed 15 March, 2012 Yehouie, E. (2009), Clusters as a driving engine for FDI, Journal of Economic Modelling, Vol. 26(2),934-945 https://www.ijbed.org/cdn/article_file/i-2_c-15.pdf Patricia Nomzamo Joubert Foreign Direct Investment (FDIs) Impact SMMEs Infrastructure Skills development 4478 4 0

16 https://www.ijbed.org/details&cid=16 2014-03-03 The coconut vodka, popularly known as a lambanog and primarily produce in Quezon Province, the lambanog capital of the Philippines, is on the threshold as a dollar-earning industry. It is considered for product development being one of the primary produce of the country. The current study is an initial step in establishing a development plan for the industry. This study uses the Gender Responsive Value Chain Analysis (GR-VCA) to determine the current status of the lambanog industry in the Philippines. Descriptive and participatory approaches were used to answer the following queries: (1) condition of lambanog industry players who are producer/distiller, distributors/retailers, and customers; and (2) identification of constraints and opportunities. The current status of the industry was revealed by the 12 distillers endorsed and highly-recommended by the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) Quezon, 60 distributors/retailers and 100 consumers all dispersed in the different towns and city of the province. Results of the study reveal that the conditions of lambanog industry players, both distillers and distributors, were assessed as small-scale in production, marketing and sales. The customers include local small-time drinkers and a very limited export market. Constraints identified include: high worker turn-over including gender issues on the selection, training and nature of work; sustainability of supply due to weather condition and seasonality of sap collection; poor p Arcellana, Juaniyo Y. (2001). The great Lambanog review. Philippine Daily Inquirer. February 4, 2001 Issue Ascan, Tricia C., Zapata, Normito R., and Agapay-De Jesus, Hannah Aesa S. (2007). Status and Strategic Directions of the Lambanog Wine Processing Industry in Liliw, Laguna, Philippines. Unpublished undergraduate thesis at University of the Philippines, Department of Agribusiness Management, Los Banos, Laguna. Bergen, Von, et. Al. (2003). Management Maxims for the New Millenium. International Academy of Management Vol. 42 No. 4. Gereffi, G. (1994). “The Organization of Buyer-Driven Global Commodity Chains: How US Retailers Shape Overseas Production Networks,” in Gereffi and Korzeniewiez (eds), Commodity Chains and Global  Capitalism. London: Praeger. Hill, Charles W.L. And Jones, Gareth R. (1995) “Strategic Management: An Integrated Approach (3rd Edition). USA: Houghton Mifflin Company Ho, Abigail L. (2010). Filipino traders get fair shot at world market. Philippine Daily Inquirer. Volume Issue No. May 9, 2010 Hubilla, Juan Carlos M. (2010). Filipino Buco, Manga, Duhat and Graphic Design Represent in the U.S. Bluprint Magazine. May 2010 Issue Junio, Rocel Ann G. (2010). In high Spirits. Entrepreneur Philippines. Manila: Summit Media. September 2010 Issue. Kaplinsky, R. and Morris, M. (2002). A Handbook For Value Chain Research. (Kaplinsky@ids.ac.uk and morrism@nu.ac.za, February 20, 2012) Mallari, Delfin Jr. (2007). Local Vodka to invade US Liquor Market. Philippine Daily Inquirer. February 4, 2007 Issue. Morato, Eduardo A. (1996). Coconut Industry Taxonomy. Manila: Sta. Monica Printing Press Porter, Jolene V. (2005). TED Case Studies Number 782 Lambanog: A Philippine Drink (http://www1.american.edu/ted/lambanog.html, February 2012) Porter, Michael (1985). Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance. New York: The Free Press Sahlman, William A. and Stevenson, Howard H. (1992). The Entrepreneurial Venture. USA: Mc Graw-Hill Book Company. Sangalang, Aubrey. (2009). Bottoms Up. Masigasig Volume 3 Issue No. 4. May 2009. Globe Business for SMEs Stuart, Godofredo U. (2011). Philippines for Intrepid Travelers.  (http://www.stuartxchange.org/Lambanog.html, June 2012) Veluz, Guilberto A. and Guevarra, Adelia M. (2008). DOST to launch National Program on Tropical Wines and Distilled Spirits. S&T Media Service. (www. dost.gov.ph, February 2012) www.bas.gov.ph www.census.gov.ph www.dti.gov.ph www.nscb.gov.ph www.quality.nist.gov www.stii.dost.gov.ph https://www.ijbed.org/cdn/article_file/i-2_c-16.pdf Rodrigo M. Velasco Value Chain Analysis gender responsive value product development lambanog industry 5511 13 0

17 https://www.ijbed.org/details&cid=17 2014-03-03 The creation and development of micro-credit programs are attributed to be an important aspect of a developing country like Bangladesh. Grameen Generalized System emerges as a new system for the creation and development of micro-credit program in Grameen Bank (GB). The paper aims at examining the performance of women entrepreneurs under Grameen Generalized System in Grameen Bank. Primary & secondary sources of data are used in conducting the study. The primary data have been collected through structured questionnaire of 85 women entrepreneurs from five branches of GB under Rajshahi Zone namely Banesher, Damkura Paba, Naohata Paba, Yusufpur Charghat & Basudebpur Godagari. The paper discussed on the basic characteristics of Grameen Generalized System (GGS) and its implementation. During analysis it is clarified that GGS has positive contribution to the performance of women entrepreneurs. Persons working under the system feel proud to be associated with GB and get more importance in the family for taking decisions about income & expenditure. GGS provides opportunities for the respondents in reducing their dependency on the family income. Involvement of the respondents with GB is also considered to be an effective tool for their family survival. The present capital of the respondent’s business has gradually been increased due to effective business activities. The respondents try to save more money as GB declares dividend each year the inception of the GGS. Lastly the present re Ackerly, B., “Testing tools of Development: credit programs, Loan involvement and women’s   empowerment”, IDS Bulletin, 26(3), P.56­-68 Brihton, 1995. Afrin, Sharmina and Routray, J.K.,“Women Empowerment through Micro Credit Programs in Bangladesh”, presented on “9th South Asian Management Forum: Management for Peace, Prosperity and Posterity”, organized by Amdisa, India and North South University of Dhaka, February, 2007. Ainon Nahar Mizan, “Rural Women’s Economic Participation and Decision Making Power in the Family: A study of Grameen Bank Bangladesh”, Dissertation paper of Ph.D. Unpublished. Illinois University, USA, 1992. Amin, S. & Pebley, A., “Gender Inequality with households; The Impact of Women’s Development Program in 36 Bangladesh Villages”, The Bangladesh Development Studies, 1994. Hashemi, S.M., Schulter, S.R. and Riley, A.P.,“Rural Credit Program and Women’s Empowerment in Bangladesh”, World Development, 24(4), p.635-653, 1996. Hena. Most. Hasna,(2006). “Role of women Entrepreneur of Grameen Bank of Bangladesh: An Evaluation of Bogra Zone”.Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Department of Management, University of Rajshahi, 2006. Hossain, Nazma Ara, Women Entrepreneurs in a Poverty Ridden Society: A case study of Bangladesh, Women in Management Champions of Change, ed. by Khair Jahan Sogra, Dhaka: University Press Limited, 1994. Islam, Nazrul & Mamun, Muhammad Z, “Entrepreneurship Development: An Operational Approach”, Text and cases with Special Reference to Bangladesh: University Press Limited, Dhaka. Karim, N.A., “Women Entrepreneurship and Credit Financing in Bangladesh” Bank Parikramma, Vol. XX, No. 1&2, 1995. Khanka, S.S., “Entrepreneurial Development, New Delhi: S. Chand and Company Ltd”, 2003. Khan, A.”Empowerment of Women in SAARC Countries” presented on “9th South Asian Management Forum: Management for Peace, Prosperity and Posterity”, organized by Amdisa, India and North South University of Dhaka, February, 2007. Khan, H.A. & Wahab, A .M.,Introduction to Grameen II, 2003. Latifee, H.I.,(2009).Grameen Dialogue,April, 2009. Nabi, Ahmed Kazi, Performance of the Women Entrepreneurs of Grameen Bank of Bangladesh,in Management Champions of Change, ed. by Khair Jahan Sogra, Dhaka: University Press Limited, 1994. Naved, R.,“Empowerment of women; listening to the voices of women. The Bangladesh Development studies, Special Issue on Women, Development and Change”, Edited by Amin, BIDS, Dhaka, 22(2&3), p.121-155, 1994. Osmani, L.N.K., “Impact of Credit on the Relative Well-being of Women: Evidence from the Grameen Bank,” IDS Bulletin, Vol. 29, No. 4, 1998. Rahman, M., “Grameen Bank Finance and Entrepreneurship Development in Bangladesh: A case study of some selected Areas”, Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Islamic University, 1999.  Saha,B., “Development of Women Entrepreneurship and Bank Financing as a Support Service”, Bank Parikrama, Vol.XX, No. 3´4, 1995. Shahidur, R. Khandker, and et al, “Grameen Bank Performance and Sustainability”,World Bank Discussion Paper 306, the World Bank, Washington D.C., 1995. Younus, M. “Grameen Bank: A Bank for the Poor”. Grameen Bank, Dhaka. No 34, 1986. https://www.ijbed.org/cdn/article_file/i-2_c-17.pdf Md. Shah Alam Sharmin Islam Grameen Bank Grameen Classic System Grameen Generalized System Dividend 5195 2 0

18 https://www.ijbed.org/details&cid=18 2014-03-03 Indias hinterland is the new goldmine for marketers. More than 50 percent of Indias overall consumption comes from rural areas, which account for about 70 percent of Indian population. Indian rural market with its vast size and demand base offers a huge opportunity that companies cannot afford to ignore. Delivering products and services into these rural markets present unique challenges and enormous opportunities for companies. Along with opportunity to expand top line, the distinctive behaviors of rural marketing present challenges which have to be met by new innovations. Companies successful in rural markets are innovating in all the aspects of marketing. They are changing features in design of new products, prices offered to customers, places to sell the products and their expenditure on advertising. There are many innovations to explore the customers in rural India keeping the rural environment and constraints. This paper explores the recent innovations for Indias hinterland Aithal, R.K. (2011), “Marketing channel length in rural India: Influence of the external environment and rural retailer buyer behaviour”, International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, Vol. 40 No. 3, 2012, pp. 200-217 Bijapurkar Rama (2007), “We are like that only”, Penguin Books India, 2007 D’Andrea, G. and Lopez-Aleman, B. (2006), “Why small retailers endure in Latin America”,International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, Vol. 34 No. 9, pp. 661-73 Dogra,B.
and
K.
Ghuman.
(2008),“Rural
Marketing:
Concept
and
Practices”,TataMcGraw‐
Hill.New
Delhi Kashyap Pradeep (2011), “Rural Marketing”, Pearson Education, New Delhi, 2011 Karnani, A. (2007), “The mirage of marketing to the bottom of the pyramid: how the private sector can help alleviate poverty”, California Management Review, Vol. 49 No. 4, pp. 90-111. Masters of Rural markets: The Hallmarks of High Performance, Accenture Research Report, 2012 Mukherji, Biman, ‘Farmers’ ability to spend dries up in rural India’, The Wall Street Journal, August 7, 2012 Puri, S; Priyadarshi, A; Mudgal, N: Mehta, M., “Strategic Experimentation and Innovation in Rural Areas”, Sustainability and Development: Paradigm Shift in Knowledge Creation and Innovation, Bloomsbury Publishers 2013, pp. 179-188. Puri, S; Ranjan, J; Agarwal, R: Awasthy, N., “Capturing Bottom of Pyramid Rural Customers”, Sustainability and Development: Paradigm Shift in Knowledge Creation and Innovation, Bloomsbury Publishers 2013, pp. 205-212. Rural Indians outpace urbanites in spending growth: CRISIL Study, August 2012 Vachani, S. and Smith, N.C. (2008), “Socially responsible distribution: distribution strategies for reaching the bottom of the pyramid”, California Management Review, Vol. 50 No. 2, pp. 52-84. Viswanathan, M., Rosa, J.A. and Ruth, J.A. (2010), “Exchanges in marketing systems: the case ofsubsistence consumer-merchants in Chennai”, India, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 74 No. 3,pp. 1-17. https://www.ijbed.org/cdn/article_file/i-2_c-18.pdf Sandeep Puri Indian Rural Markets Rural Customers Consumer Behavior Innovation Marketing Strategies 4845 2 0

19 https://www.ijbed.org/details&cid=19 2014-03-03 The Palestinian economy is primarily affected by internal and external exogenous political constraints, structural limitations and foreign aid, rather than by endogenous economic free market factors. Underemployment of labor and limited viable opportunities for capital are largely due to limitations on exports and the free flow of goods, services and labor that are imposed by Israel and other neighboring countries, as well as on the shortage of arable land and water. Through theoretical considerations and empirical investigation, this paper claims that the constraints on the Palestinian economy as well as foreign aid result in the symptoms associated with an economy infected by Dutch Disease Abadie, A and J. Gardeazabal (2003), "The Economic Costs of Conflict: a Case-control Study for Basque County", American Economic Review, 93, 113-132. Abadie, A, and J. Gardeazabal, J. (2005), "Terrorism and the World Economy", working paper, Harvard University Kennedy School of Government,  http://ksghome.harvard.edu/~aabadie/twe.pdf Alesina, A., S. Özler, N. Roubini and P. Swagel (1996), “Political Instability and Growth", Journal of Economic Growth, 1,189-211. Arnon, A., I. Luski A. Spivak and J. Weinblatt (1997): The Palestinian Economy in the West Bank and Gaza Strip: from Imposed Integration to Voluntary Separation, Leiden, the Netherlands: E.J. Brill. Arrow, K. (1950), “A Difficulty in the Concept of Social Welfare”, Journal of Political Economy, 58, 328-346. Astrup, C. and S. Dessus (2002), "Exporting Labor or Goods? Long-term Implications for the Palestinian Economy". MENA Working, World Bank. Washington D.C. Bacha, E. (1990), “A Three-gap Model of Foreign Transfers and the GDP Growth Rate in Developing Countries”, Journal of Developing Economics, 32, 279-296. Barro, R., (1999), Inequality, Growth and Investment, NBER Working Paper, No.7038, Cambridge, Mass. Basu, K. (1997), “Analytical Development Economics: the Less Developed Economy Revisited”, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Barrow, R. and X. Sala-i-Martin (1995), Economic Growth, New York: McGraw-Hill. Bertrand-Albala, J. (2008), "Infrastructure Shortage: a Gap Approach", working paper, University of London: Queens Mary and Westfield College. Birdsall, N., D. Ross and R. Sabot (1995), "Inequality and Growth Reconsidered: Lessons from East Asia", World Bank Economic Review 9, 477-508. Blomberg, S., G. Hess and A. Orphanides (2004), "The Macroeconomic Consequences of Terrorism", Journal of Monetary Economics 51, 1007-1032. Boone, P. (1996), "Politics and the Effectiveness of Foreign Aid" European Economic Review 40, 289-329. Burnside, C. and D. Dollar (2004), "Aid, Policies, and Growth", American Economic Review, 90, 847-868. Chenery, H. and A. Strout (1966), "Foreign Assistance and Economic Development", American Economic Review, 56, 279-735. Collier, P. and D. Dollar (2002), "Aid Allocation and Poverty Reduction" European Economic Review, 46, 1475-1500. Dalgaard, C., H. Hansen and F. Tarp (2004),"On the Empirics of Foreign Aid and Growth", Economic Journal, 114, 191-216. Djankov, S., J. Montalvo, and M. Reynal-Querol (2006) "Does Foreign Aid Help?" Cato Journal, 26, 1-28. Domar, R.(1946),"Capital Expansion, Rate of Growth and Unemployment", Econometrica, 14, 137-147. Easterly, W. (2003), "Can Foreign Aid Buy Growth? “, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 17, 23-48 Elbadawi, I. (1999), "External Aid: Help or Hindrance to Export Orientation in Africa?" Journal of African Economics, 114, 191-216. Fayissa, B. and M. El-Kaissy (1999), "Foreign Aid and the Economic Growth of Developing Countries (LDCs): Further Evidence", Studies in Comparative International Development, 34, 37-50. Griffin, K. and J. 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Munemo, J., S. Bandyopadhyay and A. Basistha (2007), Foreign Aid and Export Performance: a Panel Data Analysis of Developing Countries, working paper 2007-023A, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. Petri, P. (1997), Trade Strategies for the Southern Mediterranean, working paper No. 127, OECD Development Centre. Rajan, R. and A. Subramanian (2006), Aid, Dutch Disease, and Manufacturing Growth, NBER Working Paper. Romer, P. (1986), "Increasing Returns and Long-run Growth" Journal of Political Economy 94, 1002-1037. Romer, P. (1990), "Endogenous Technological Change", Journal of Political Economy, 98, 71-102. Secretariat of Ad Hoc Liaison Committee (1999), Aid Effectiveness in the West Bank and Gaza, draft report, World Bank and Government of Japan,  http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/c25aba03f1e079db85256cf4007... - 16k Shell, K. (1996) "Toward a Theory of Inventive Activity and Capital Accumulation”, American Economic Review. 61, 62-68. Siddiq, M. 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20 https://www.ijbed.org/details&cid=20 2014-03-03 It is said that, ‘Profit is the lifeblood of business.’ In this cut-throat competition, therefore it is more about managing the business profitable way. The very importance of ethics and values, i.e. quality gets lost in this endless race. This gives rise to earnings manipulation by the corporate. The present paper discuses the earnings management behavior of the corporate and draws out attention to the short-sightedness of the poor quality corporate earnings. ‘Earnings management’ is a management practice to manipulate the earnings for specific motives. Altamuro, J., A. Beatty, and J. Weber (2005). The effects of accelerated revenue recognition on earnings management and earnings in formativeness: Evidence from SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 101, The Accounting Review 80 (2), 373-401. Borrus, A. and Arndt, M. (2003). Executive pay: Labor strikes back, May 26 BusinessWeek, ProQuest, 46. Callen, J., S. Robb, and D. Segal (2008). Revenue manipulation and restatements by loss firms, Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory 27 (2),1-29. Dechow, P., R. Sloan, and A. Sweeney.(1995). Detecting earnings management, The Accounting Review.70:193-225. Dechow Patricia M. and Skinner Douglas J. (2000). Earnings Management: Reconciling the Views of Accounting Academics, Practitioners and Regulators, Accounting Horizons 14(2) (June), 249. Defond, M.L.,and J. Jiambalvo. (1994).Debt Covenant Effects and the Manipulation of Accruals, Journal of Accounting and Economics, January:145-176. Degeorge F., etal. (1999). Earnings management to exceed thresholds, Journal of Business, 72. Elliott, J., M. Nelson, and R. Tarpley. (2002). Evidence from auditors about managers' and auditors' earnings management decisions, The Accounting Review 77, 175-202. Ethisphere, http://www.forbes.com/sites/jacquelynsmith/2013/03/06/the-worlds-most-ethical-companies-in-2013/Accessed on 2nd August, 2013. Jensen, M. (2004). Agency costs of overvalued equity, Harvard NOM Research Paper No.04-26, 12 pages. Healy, P.M.,and J.M.Wahlen. (1998). A review of the earnings management literature and its implication for standard setting, Harvard Working Paper Lev, B. (1989). On the usefulness of earnings and earnings research: Lessons and directions from two decades of empirical research, Journal of Accounting Research 27, 153-192. Levitt Arthur. (1998). “Remarks by Chairman Arthur Levitt, Securities and Exchange Commission: The “Numbers Game,” NYU Center for Law and Business, New York, N.Y., September 28, 1998; downloadable at: http://www.sec.gov/ news/speech/speech archive /1998/ spch220.txt M.D. Beneish. (2001). Earnings Management: A Perspective, Managerial Finance, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Vol.27, No.12. Matthew Cros. (2000). The Power of True Quality Management, http://www.leadershipalliance.com/deming.htmAcessed on 2nd August, 2013. Phillips Thomas J., Luehlfing Michael S. and Daily Cynthia M. (2001).The Right Way to Recognize Revenue Learn the components of SAB 101 and mistakes to look out for, June. http://www.journalofaccountancy.com/Issues/2001/Jun/TheRightWayToRecognizeRevenueAcessed on 28th April, 2013. Shuto, A. (2007). Executive compensation and earnings management: Empirical evidence from Japan, Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, 16(2007):1-26 Sweeney, A. (1994). Debt-covenant violations and managers' accounting responses. Journal of Accounting and Economics 17, 281-308. Teoh, S. H., I. Welch, and T. J. Wong. (1998a). Earnings management and the underperformance of seasoned equity offerings, Journal of Financial Economics, 50: 63-99. The Ethical Enterprise - American Management Association http:// www.amanet.org /HREthicsSurvey06 .pdfAcessed on 25th July, 2013. Watts Ross L., Zimmerman Jerold L.(1978). Towards a Positive Theory of the Determination of the Accounting Standards, Vol. L III No. 1, January, the Accounting Review, 1-23. https://www.ijbed.org/cdn/article_file/i-2_c-20.pdf Sandeep Goel Business Quality Profits Earnings management Ethics 4974 4 0

21 https://www.ijbed.org/details&cid=21 2014-03-03 A consideration of emotion has been traditionally neglected in the context of family business. In this study, the Lebanese family businesses were explored to examine all the dimensions and the specificity of the emotional intelligence (EI) of teams™ leaders. Multiple regressions were applied to investigate the impact of EI on employees job performance, job satisfaction and turnover. The results showed that there is a significant and positive impact of leader EI on employee job performance and job satisfaction. Moreover, the findings indicate that the implication of the family member as a team leader increases the positive relationship between EI and employee job performance and satisfaction. The family managers feel more dependent to their organization which can lead to create a general emotion affecting positively the job performance and the satisfaction. However, our results have not support any relation between Leaders EI and employees™ turnover level Andries AM (2009). Emotions management within organizations. Econ. Appl. Inform., 15(2): 17-34. Bar-On, R.(2004). The Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i): Rationale, description, and summary of psychometric properties. In Glenn Geher (Ed.), Measuring emotional intelligence: Common ground and controversy. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers, pp. 111-142. Bar-On, R. (1997), The Emotional Intelligence Inventory (EQ-i): Technical manual. Toronto: Multi-Health Systems Inc. Bar-On, R. (2006). The Bar-On model of emotional-social intelligence (ESI). Psicothema, 18, 13-25. Black, J. and Porter, L. (1991), Managerial behavior and job performance: a successful manager in Los Angeles may not succeed in Hong Kong, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 22, pp. 99-114. Carmeli, Abraham (2003). The relationship between emotional intelligence and work attitudes, behavior and outcomes examination among senior executives, Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol. 18 No. 8, 2003, pp. 788-813. Caruso, D. R. (1999). Multi-factor Emotional Intelligence Scale (MEIS) (VoL Feedback Booklet. Version 1.1): Connecticut, Wolf and Associates. Chaudhry AA, Usman A (2011). An investigation of the relationship between employees’ emotional intelligence and performance. Afr. J. Bus. Manag., 5(9): 3556-3562. Cramton C.D. (1993). Is rugged Individualism the Whole Story, Public and Private Accounts of Firm’s Founding. Family Business Review, 6(3), 233-261. Denison, D., Leif, C., & Ward, J.L. (2004). Culture in family-owned entreprises: Recognizing and leveraging unique strenghths. Family Business Review. 17(1), 61-70.  Galeman, D. (2001). An E.I. Based Theory of performance. In C. Cherniss& D. Goleman (Eds.), The emotionally Intelligent workplace. San Francusco,CA: Jossey-Bass. Gersick H.E, Davis G.A, McCllom H.M and Lansberg S.I (1997), Generation to Generation, Life Cycles of The Family Business, Harvard Business School Press. Gil, I. G., Berenguer, A., Cervera, K. and. Moliner B., “Relationships among customer orientation, service orientation and job satisfaction in financial services”, International Journal of Service Industry Management, 16, 497–525(2005). Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional Intelligence: Why it can matter more than IQ. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. Gowing, M.K., O’Leary, B.S., Brienza, D., Cavallo, K. & Crain, R. (2006). A practitioner’s research agenda: Exploring real-world applications and issues. In V.U. Druskat, F. Sala& G. Mount (Eds.), Linking emotional intelligence and performance at work. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Hochwarter, W.A., Perrewe, P.L., Ferris, G.R. and Brymer, R.A. (1999),Job satisfaction and performance: the moderating effects of value attainment and affective disposition, Journal of Vocational Behavior, Vol. 54, pp. 296-313. Jonker CS (2009). The effect of an emotional intelligence development program on accountants. SA J. Hum. Resour. Manag., 7(1): 157-165. Jordan, P. J., & Troth, A. C. (2004). Managing emotions during team problem solving: Emotional intelligence and conflict resolution. Human Performance, 17(2), 195-218. Kets-de-Vries, M.F.R, Carlock, R.S. and Floret Treacy, E. (2007). Family business on the couch.   The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, England: John Wiley & sons. Kilduff M., Chiaburu D.S. and Menges J.I. (2010), Strategic Use of Emotional Intelligence in Organizational Settings: Exploring the Dark Side, Reaserch in organizational behavior, 30, 129-152. Labaki R., Michael-Tsabari N., and Kay Zachary R. (2011) Emotional dimensions within the family business-systems, interfaces and development over time. Paper presented at the IFERA, Palermo, Sicily. Lam, L.T. and S.L. Kirby, 2002. Is emotional intelligence an advantage? An exploration of impact of emotional and general intelligence on individual performance. J. Soc. Psychol., 142: 133-143. Matthews G., Zeidner, M. &Roberts,R . D. (2002). Emotional intelligence: Science and myth. The MIT Press Cambridge. Mayer, J. D., &Salovey, P. (1997). What is Emotional intelligence. In P. Salovey& D. Sluyter (Eds.), Emotional Development and Emotional Intelligence: Educational implications (pp. 10-11). Mayer, J. D., Caruso, D. R, &Salovey, P. (1999). Emotional intelligence meets traditional standards for Intelligence. Intelligence, 27,267-298. Meliá, J.L. and Peiró J.M. (1989), “La medida de la satisfacciónlaboral en contextosorganizacionales: el cuestionario de satisfacción,” Psicologemas, 5, 59–74. Newsome S,.,Day, A . L. &Catano V. M. (2000) . Assessing the predictive validity of emotional intelligence. Personality and individual Differences 29, 1005-1016. Palmer, B. R., Monacha, R., Gignac, G., &Stough, C. (2003). “Examining the factor structure of the Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory with an Australian general population sample.” Personality and Individual Differences, 35, 1191-1211. Pearce, J. and Porter, L. (1986), Employee responses to formal performance appraisal feedback, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 71 No. 2, pp. 211-18. Petrides, K. V. &Furnham, A. (2000). On the dimensionasltructureo f emotionailntelligence. PersonalityandlndividualD ifferences2, 9, 313-320. Rangriz H, Mehrabi J (2010). The relationship between emotional intelligence, organizational commitment, and employees’ performance in Iran. Int. J. Bus. Manag., 5(8): 50-56. Salovey, P., & Mayer, J. D. (1990). Emotional intelligence. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 9, 185-211. Schlechter AF, Strauss JJ (2008). Leader emotional intelligence, transformational leadership, trust and team commitment: Testing a model with a team context. SA J. Ind. Psychol., 34(1): 42-53. Schulze, W.S., M.H. Lubatkin, and R.N. Dino, (2002), Altruism, Agency, and the Competitiveness of Family Firms, Managerial and Decision Economics, 23(4-5):247-259 Shepherd, C. D., Lassk, F. G., &Ridnour, R. E. (2003). Emotional Intelligence, Primal Leadership, and Sales Management: A Research Agenda. In A. Scott (Ed.), Professional Sales and Sales Management Practices for the 21st Century (pp. 25-30): National Conference in Sales Management. Sue-Chan , C. and G.P. Latham, 2004. The situational interview as a predictor of academic and team performance: A study of the mediating effects of cognitive ability and emotional intelligence. Int. J. Select. Assess., 12(4): 312-320. Sy, T., Tram, S., and O’Hara, L. A. (2006). Relation of employee and manger emotional intelligence to job satisfaction and performance. In Journal of Vocational Behavior, 68, 461-473. Retrieved April 02, 2010, from http://www.emeraldinsight.com. Weisinger, H. (1998). Emotional Intelligence at Work. In. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Inc. Weiss, H., &Cropanzano, R. (1996). Affective events theory: a theoretical discussion of the structure, causes and consequences of affective experiences at work. In Research in Organizational Behavior, 18, 1–79. Wong, C.S., Law, K.S. & Wong, P.M. (2004). Development and validation of a forced choice emotional intelligence measure for Chinese respondents in Hong Kong. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 21, 535-559. https://www.ijbed.org/cdn/article_file/i-2_c-21.pdf Hani El-CHAARANI Emotional Intelligence Family Business Job Performance team leader Job satisfaction Turnover 4726 3 0

22 https://www.ijbed.org/details&cid=22 2014-03-03 In business-to-government (B2G) relationships, companies managers need to consider the national price law when they price products. In Germany, legal regulations on pricing were set to limit the corporate profit. Their compliance is ensured by price audits. Due to the absence of national price regulations in several NATO states, many procuring authorities apply the German regulations to their contracts and request German administrative assistance for auditing prices. In this paper we outline how the German legal framework allows for the application of different strategies and scenarios of how to price automotive industry products. The scenario technique is used to simulate a price audit on a real-life governmental customer project. We report on our experience about whether there is a possibility to simulate price audits on pricing scenarios. The result of the price audit simulation clearly shows the influence of the chosen strategy on the contribution margin as well as on the corporate profit for each price auditing scenario that was tested Abels, M. (2010). Oppenhoff & Partner: Neue Formen der Zusammenarbeit. http://www.oppenhoff.eu, 17.02.2012. Altmann, C. (1960). Das Preisprüfrecht (Feststellungsrecht) des öffentlichen Auftraggebers. 1st ed., Anton Hain KG Verlag, Meisenheim. Ax, T., Schneider, M., and Siewert, J. (2010). Auftragsvergabe. 2nd ed. Erich Schmidt Verlag, Berlin. Berjasevic, N. (2012). Wucherähnliche Rechtsgeschäfte. 1st ed., Lit. Verlag, Münster. Birgel, K. J. (1994). Öffentliches Auftragswesen und Preisrecht. 1st ed., Rudolf Haufe Verlag, Freiburg. Blowfield, M., Murray, A. (2008). Corporate Responsibility – A Critical Introduction. 1st ed., University Press, Oxford. Bundesministerium der Justiz Deutschland (1953a). 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(2011). Die Öffentliche Hand als Kunde. 2nd ed., Eigenverlag Industrie und Handelskammer, Stuttgart. Keller, E., Prestel, P. (2010). IT-Recht-Kanzlei 2010. Kleiner Exkurs: über das öffentliche Preisrecht. http://www.it-recht-kanzlei.de, 17.02.2012. Lindner, A. (2003). Die Grenzen der Preisgestaltungsfreiheit marktbeherrschender Unternehmen. Diploma thesis, Salzburg. Lundberg, E. (1957). Business Cycles and Economic Policy. 1st ed., University Press, Harvard. Michaelis, H., Rhösa C., and Greiffenhagen H. (2011). Preisbildung bei öffentlichen Aufträgen. (Vol. 97), R.v.Decker Verlag, Stuttgart. Müller, R. (1993). Preisgestaltung bei öffentlichen Aufträgen. 3rd ed., Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, Rhein-Breitbach. Noelle, T., Rogmans, J. (2002). Öffentliches Auftragswesen. 3rd ed., Erich Schmidt Verlag, Berlin. Punch, M. (1996). Dirty Business – Exploring corporate Misconduct, Analysis and Cases. 1st ed., Sage Publications, London. Pünder, H., Schellenberg, M. (2011). Vergaberecht. 1st ed. Nomos Verlag, Baden-Baden. Reibnitz, U. (1992). Szenario-Technik. 2nd ed., Gabler Verlag, Wiesbaden. Rey, P. (2003). Toward a Theory of Competition Policy. Economic Society Monographs, (Vol.  I/3). Eight World Congress, Cambridge. Singer, M. (2011). Neue Regeln - neues Glück: Was es bei der Bewerbung für öffentliche Aufträge zu beachten gilt. Research & Results, Issue 1, p. 40. Spitzer, J. (2009). Allgemeine Energiewirtschaftslehre. 4th ed., Graz University of Technology, Graz. Strolz, R. (2001). Die Szenario-Technik für organisatorische Entscheidungen. Diploma thesis, Dornbirn. Submissions Anzeiger (2006). Checkliste für die Angebotsabgabe bei öffentlichen Ausschreibungen. http://www.submission.de, 23.02.2012. Vogel, D. (2005). The Market for Virtue – The Potential and Limits of Corporate Social Responsibility. 1st ed., Brookings, Washington. Weber, J. (2005). Unternehmenssteuerung mit Szenarien und Simulationen. 1st ed., Wiley-VCH Verlag, Weinheim. https://www.ijbed.org/cdn/article_file/i-2_c-22.pdf Radl Jurgen Markus Kerschenbauer Jochen Edmund Kriegl Verena Grbenic Stefan Zunk Bernd Markus Price auditing German price law pricing strategies governmental procurement pricing scenarios price forms 5357 5 0