IJBED 2051-848X 2051-8498 https://doi.org/10.24052/IJBED/ 13 Volume 05 Issue 1 2017-03-01

130 https://www.ijbed.org/details&cid=130 2017-03-27 While most studies examining the weaknesses of the WTO (World Trade Organization)  focus on shortcomings of its institutional arrangements and structural tensions between the two fundamental principles of the WTO - the single undertaking and the decision-making by consensus - this work takes a different view. It attributes the WTO's limitations to the neglect of essential subjects on the negotiating agenda and the omission of important actors at the negotiating table. The world trade system is in trouble -  it has become divided between the organization that supposed to efficiently manage international trade  and corporate actors who engage in global trade practices. Consequently, the article argues that to be relevant the WTO has to adapt to the changing nature of international trade by opening its doors to the business community and by allowing negotiations of plurilateral agreements among interested parties. The very idea that the WTO should remain exclusively an intergovernmental organization where only states propose and negotiate contracts appears to be more fitted for the nineteenth century mercantilist world.  The globalizing economy of today is driven by powerful players that are not only states but also corporations. However, under the WTO's current arrangement , corporate actors are completely outside the WTO's institutional structure. The organization deals only with states, manages inter-state multilateral agreements, and resolves  inter-states disputes   Consequently, suggestions are offered on how to revitalize the organization, which still presents opportunities for improving economic development worldwide and making the global economy function more efficiently and cooperatively. Abbott, F.M., 2002.  " The TRIPS-legality of measures taken to address public health crises:  Responding to USTR-State-industry positions that undermine the WTO" in The Political Economy  of International Trade Law, Kennedy, D.  L.M. and  Southwick, J.D., (eds.) Cambridge University Press, pp. 311-342. Anderson, S and Cavanagh, J., 2000. The Top 2000: The Rise of Corporate Global Power, Institute for Policy Studies, Washington, DC. Bremmer, I., 2010. The End of the Free Market - Who Wins the War Between States and Corporations?,  Portfolio, Buckely, R.,  Vai lo L. and Boulle, L., 2008.  "Challenges to Multilateral Trade - The Impact of Bilateral, Preferential and Regional Agreements" Published by Wolters Kluwer. Chowla, P., 2005. "Comparing Corporate and Sovereign Power," Developments - Journal of the Development Studies Institute, 1(1). Thomas Dietz (2014) "Does International Commercial Arbitration Provide Efficient Contract  Enforcement Institutions for International Trade?" in Mattli, W. and Dietz, T., (eds.) International Arbitration and Global Governance: Contending Theories and Evidence.Oxford University Press, pp.168-195. Feketekuty, Geza., 2000.  "Assessing and Improving the Architecture of GATS" in GATS 2000 - New Directions in Services Trade Liberalization, Sauvé P. and Stern, R.M.,  (eds.) Published by the Brookings Institution, pp. 85-111. Fuller, L.L., 1978. "The Forms and Limits of Adjudication", Harvard Law Review, 92 (2), pp. 353-409. Hale, T., 2014. "What is the Effect of Commercial Arbitration on Trade? in Mattli, W. and Dietz, T., (eds.) International Arbitration and Global Governance", op. cit., pp. 196-213. Hoekman, B., Martin, W. and Mattoo, A., 2010.  “Conclude Doha: It Matters!,” World Trade Review, 9 (3), pp. 505-530. Hoornweg, D. P., Bhada, M., Freire, C.L. Trejos Gomez, R. Dave., 2010. Cities and Climate Change:An Urgent Agenda. World Bank, Washington, DC. Johnston,  A  M.  and Trebilcock, M.J.,  2013. "Fragmentation in international trade law: insights from the global investment regime"  in World Trade Review , 12 ( 4)  pp. 621-652. Lanoszka, A., (2009) The World Trade Organization - Changing Dynamics in the Global Political Economy. Lynne Rienner Publishers. Mattli, W., and Dietz, T., 2014. "Mapping and Assessing the Rise of International Commercial Arbitration in the Globalization Era: An Introduction" in Mattli, W. and Dietz, T., (eds.)  International Arbitration and Global Governance" op. cit, pp. 1-21. Mattoo, A. and Subramanian, A., 2009.  ‘The world must go beyond Doha’, Financial Times, 6 January. Monks, R.A.G and Minow, N., 2011. Corporate Governance (5th ed.) Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Palmeter, D., 2003. The WTO as a Legal System - Essays on International Trade Law and Policy, London, UK: Cameron May. Schelling, T.S., 1980. The Strategy of Conflict. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Schultz, T., 2014. Transnational Legality - Stateless Law and International Arbitration, Oxford  University Press.   Smith, F., 2009.  Agriculture and the WTO – Towards a New Theory of International Agricultural  Trade Regulation, Edward Elgar. Weaver, C.,  2008. “Hypocrisy Trap – The World Bank and the Poverty of Reform.” Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Wolfe, R.,  2005. “See you in Geneva? Legal (Mis) Representations of the Trading System,” European Journal of International Relations. 11(3), pp. 339-365.   https://www.ijbed.org/cdn/article_file/content_30214_17-03-27-10-18-26.pdf Anna Lanoszka Multinationals WTO International Trade Global Economic Development. 4815 17 0

131 https://www.ijbed.org/details&cid=131 2017-03-27 An important debate in the economics literature focuses on the role of foreign direct investment (FDI) in supporting the growth and development of the lesser developed countries (LDCs) globally. The ability of LDCs to capture the positive spillovers of FDI inflows depends in part on the organizational structures and corporate strategies of investing multinational enterprises (MNEs) relating to the establishment of operating subsidiaries in host countries. Investment promotion policies and practices in LDCs should be formulated with the objective of capturing the positive spillovers arising from the organizational characteristics of MNEs. Aiken, B.J., &Harrison A.E., 1999. Do domestic firms benefit from direct foreign investment? Evidence from Venezuela. American Economic Review, 89(3), 605-618. Alfaro L, A., Chanda, Kalemli-Ozcan, S.,& Sayek, S., 2003. FDI spillovers, financial markets, and economic development.IMF Working Paper. Washington: International Monetary Fund. Balasubramanyam V.N., Salisu M., & Sapsford D., 1999. Foreign direct investment as an  engine of growth. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 8(1), 27-40. Bengao Calvo M., & Sanchez-Robles B., 2003. Foreign direct investment, economic freedom,  and growth: New evidence from Latin-America, working paper. Bloomstrom M., Kokko, A., & Zejan, M., 2000. Foreign Direct Investment: Firm and Host  Country Strategies. London: Macmillan. Borensztein, E., De Gregorio, J., & Lee J., 1998. How does foreign direct investment affect   economic growth? Journal of International Economics,45,115-135. Carkovic M., & Levine R., 2002. Does foreign direct investment accelerate economic growth? Working paper. Casey, W.,& Kafi, F., 2009. A multidimensional policy approach to FDI-stimulated economic development. International Journal of Business and Economic Perspective, 4(1). Casey, W., 2011. FDI spillovers in member countries of integrated markets. The Business  Review, Cambridge,17(1). Casey, W., 2014. Can FDI serve as an engine of economic growth for the least developed countries, Competitive Forum 12(1). Choe, J., 2003. Do foreign direct investment and gross domestic investment promote economic growth? Review of Development Economics, 7(1), 44-57. Collier, P., 2007. The Bottom Billion: Why the Poorest Countries are Failing and What Can be Done About It. London: Oxford University Press. De Mello, L., 1999. Foreign direct investment-led growth: Evidence from time series and panel data. Oxford Economic Paper, 51, 133-151. Dunning, J., 2001. The OLI paradigm of international production: Past, present and future. International Journal of the Economics of Business, 8(2), 173-190 Gorodnichenko, Y., Svejnar, J.,& Terrell, K., 2007.When does FDI have positive spillover?   Evidence from 17 emerging market economies. Discussion Paper No.3079, Bonn, Germany: The Institute for the Study of Labor. Haddam, M., & Harrison A., 1993. Are there positive spillovers from direct foreign investments? Evidence from panel data for Morocco. Journal of Development Economics, 42(1), 57-74. Hanson, G.,2001. Should countries promote foreign direct investment?G-24 Discussion Paper No. 9, (February): 1-31. Haskel, J., Pereira, S.,& Slaughter, M., 2007. Does inward foreign direct investment boost   the productivity of domestic firms? The Review of Economics and Statistics,89(3), 482-       496. Kokko, A., 1999. Technology, market characteristics, and spillovers. Journal and Development Economics, 42(2), 270-293. Kosova, R., 2004. Do Foreign Firms Crowd Out Domestic Firms? Evidence from the Czech Republic. University of Michigan Business School, Ph.D. Dissertation. Loewendahl, H., 2001. A Framework for FDI promotion. Transnational Corporation, 10(1),                    1-42. Lyroudi, K., Papanastasiou J.,& Vamvakidis A.,2004. Foreign direct investment and economic growth in transition economies. South Eastern Europe Journal of Economics,1,97-110. Meyer, K., & Sinani, E., 2009. When and where does foreign direct investment generate positive spillovers? A Meta-analysis. Journal of International Business Studies, 40(7), 1075-1094. Moon, H., 2016. Foreign Direct Investment: A Global Perspective. Singapore: World Scientific  Publishing Co. Perlmutter, H., 1969. The tortuous evolution of the multinational corporation. Columbia  Journal of World Business, 4(4), 9-18. Ruane, F. & Ugur, A., 2005.Foreign direct investment and productivity spillovers in Irish   manufacturing industry: Evidence from plant level panel data. International Journal of the Economics of Business,12(1), 53-66. Sanjaya, K., 2002. FDI, competition and technology: What role for governments? Transnational Corporation,11(3), September. Smith, K., Grimm, C., Gannon, M. & Chen, M., 1991. Organizational informational processing competitive responses, and performance in the U.S. domestic airline  industry, Academy of Management Journal,34(1), 60-85. United Nations, 2001.Meeting the competitive challenge: Linking TNCs with local  suppliers.UNCTAD Press Release, 1-4. United Nations, 2002. The development dimension of foreign direct investment: policies to enhance the role of FDI in the national and international context: Policy issues to consider. Note by UNCTAD Secretariat, (September 23), 1-21. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, 2006. FDI in Least Developed Countries at a Glance 2005/2006. New York: UNCTAD. United Nations, 2011. Foreign Direct Investment in LDCs. Lessons Learned from the Decade 2001-2010 and the Way Forward. Geneva, Switzerland: UNCTAD. United Nations, 2016. Least Developed Countries Report. Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations Committee for Development Policy. World Bank Group, 2008. 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132 https://www.ijbed.org/details&cid=132 2017-03-27 The aim of this paper to establish the relationship between corporate social responsibility disclosure and financial performance in the Egyptian banking sector. Only three banks were included in the study because Corporate Social Responsibility is a new concept that has not yet been fully established in the banking sector in Egypt. Secondary data were obtained from the annual financial reports of the banks for the period from 2008 to 2011. Corporate social responsibility score was obtained using content analysis of reports of the companies on various components of corporate social responsibility as reported in their annual financial reports. The present study identified four dimensions in the pilot study: Environment, Community, Customer, and Employee. Descriptive analysis was used to describe data collected such as Pearson correlation method. The authors used regression analysis to study the relationship between the dependent variables and the independent variables and the bank age and bank size were used as control variables in the analysis.             The results indicated an insignificant relationship between the independent variables (corporate social responsibility toward environment, community, customer, and employee) used in the model and the dependent variables Corporate Financial Performance as measured by (ROA, ROE, NPM, and EPS). The results of the study proved the absence of a significant relationship between the dependent and the independent variables as a whole. Yet, some relationships were found concerning individual measures.             The major limitation of this paper is the sample size. In addition, failure of corporations to disclose CSR in the annual reports will have a material effect on these findings.             The findings of this paper have practical implications on the management of Banks in Egypt to re-think and re-strategize their CSR policies that incorporate social and economic performance to improve their CFP.  Ajide, F.M. and Aderemi, A.A., 2012. The effects of corporate social responsibility activity disclosure on corporate profitability: Empirical evidence from Nigerian commercial banks. Journal of Economics and Finance, 2(6), pp.17-25. Aupperle, K.E., Carroll, A.B. and Hatfield, J.D., 1985. An empirical examination of the relationship between corporate social responsibility and profitability. Academy of management Journal, 28(2), pp.446-463. Branco, M.C. and Rodrigues, L.L., 2008. Social responsibility disclosure: A study of proxies for the public visibility of Portuguese banks. The British accounting review, 40(2), pp.161-181. 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CSR reporting among Zimbabwe's hotel groups: a content analysis. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 25(4), pp.595-613. Luo, X. and Bhattacharya, C.B., 2006. Corporate social responsibility, customer satisfaction, and market value. Journal of marketing, 70(4), pp.1-18. Mahoney, L. and Roberts, R.W., 2007, September. Corporate social performance, financial performance and institutional ownership in Canadian firms. In Accounting forum (Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 233-253). Elsevier. Malik, M.S. and Nadeem, M., 2014. Impact of corporate social responsibility on the financial performance of banks in Pakistan. International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences, 10(1), pp.9-19. Mandhachitara, R. and Poolthong, Y., 2011. A model of customer loyalty and corporate social responsibility. Journal of Services Marketing, 25(2), pp.122-133. Margolis, J.D. and Walsh, J.P., 2003. Misery loves companies: Rethinking social initiatives by business. 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European Management Journal, 21(6), pp.698-706.   https://www.ijbed.org/cdn/article_file/content_80316_17-03-31-23-41-37.pdf Racha El Moslemany Menan Etab Egypt Corporate social responsibility corporate financial performance corporate financial disclosure Environmental Community Employee and customer 6559 23 0

133 https://www.ijbed.org/details&cid=133 2017-03-27 This paper presents that the rank reversal occurs in other popular MCDM approach as well, cross-efficiency evaluation of data envelopment analysis (DEA), which has been alternative method for ranking decision making units (DMU) in the data envelopment analysis (DEA). This paper also attempts to illustrate that the proposed least common multiple (LCM) approach successfully addresses these rank reversal problems in decision support systems area. Barzilai, J. & Golany, B., 1994. AHP rank reversal, normalization and aggregation rules, INFOR, 32(2),  57-63. Belton, V. & Gear, T., 1983. On a shortcoming of Saaty’s method of analytic hierarchies. Omega, 11 (3), 228-230. Charnes, A., Cooper, W. & Rhodes, E., 1978. Measuring the efficiency of decision making units. European Journal of Operational Research, 2, 429-444. Doyle, J. & Green, R., 1994. Efficiency and cross-efficiency in DEA. Journal of the Operational Research Society, 45, 567-578. Dyer, J. & Wendell, R., 1985. A critique of the Analytic Hierarchy Process. Technical Report, 84/85, 4-24. Department of Management. The University of Texas at Austin. Lootsma, F., 1999. Multi-criteria decision analysis via ratio and difference judgment. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht. Perez, J., Jimeno, J. & Mokotoff, E., 2006. Another potential shortcoming of AHP.  TOP, 14(1), 99-111. Saaty, T.L. & Sagir, M., 2009. An essay on rank preservation and reversal.  Mathematical and Computer Modelling, 49,  1230-1243. Schoner, B., Wedley, W.C., & Choo, E.U., 1993. A unified approach to AHP with linking pins. European Journal of Operational Research, 64, 384-392.    Sexton, T. Silkman, R. & Hogan, A., 1986. Data envelopment analysis: Critique and extensions. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA. Shin, Y.B. & Lee, S.H., 2012. Note on an approach to preventing rank reversals with addition or deletion of an Analytic Hierarchy Process. Journal of Education Review, 3(1), 66-72.    Wong, Y. & Beasley, J., 1990. Restricting weight flexibility in data envelopment analysis. Journal of the Operational Research Society, 41(9), 829-835.    https://www.ijbed.org/cdn/article_file/content_35835_17-03-27-10-37-58.pdf Yong B. Shin Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) Cross-efficiency Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) Rank reversal and Least Common Multiple (LCM) 5467 15 0

134 https://www.ijbed.org/details&cid=134 2017-03-27 Presently the conducted studies on how SMEs should integrate sustainability align with their core business principle is limited. Most of the discussion on this field is emphasized to address issues for larger organizations and very limited effort on small firms. The drivers and barriers of approaching sustainability practices in SMEs are different from those in large organizations since SMEs lack technical specialist, experience and money required to make such strategy. Since SMEs play a significant role in nation’s economic growth, it is essential to study and find their drivers and barriers toward sustainability business practices constitutes main motivation of this paper. This is a primary finding that aims to understand the SME motivation and barriers that are facing in implementing green sustainable business practices to offer insight look to small firms to find key factors that influence adoption of sustainability business approach within their management practices. Freyman, J.R.,. (2011). Interaction between Feasibility and Desirability in the Formation of Entrepreneurial Intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 26, 431-440. Schaper ,S. (2012). A framework for ecopreneurship. Leading pioneers and environmental managers to ecopreneurship. Greener Management International No. 38: 45–58.           Australian Bureau of Statistics (2011). Australian small business, key statistics. ISBN 978-1-921916- 17-5. ABS Cat. No. 8155.0.Canberra, Australia Parisa, S, Jerry. C,Raveendranath, R.N. (2013), Small Enterprise Association of Australia and New Zealand 26th Annual SEAANZ Conference Proceedings 11-12 Sydney 2013, University of Ballarat, Marie, F.(2012) Corporate sustainability and innovation in SMEs: evidence of themes and activities in practice. Journal of Business Strategy and the Environment, 19(7), 417-435. Katia JA. (2010), Social enterprise in the United States and Europe: understanding and learning from the differences. International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations 17(3), 246–262.               Beltz , N. (2009). Is the good corporation dead? The community social responsibility of small business operators, The Journal of Socio-Economics, 33, pp. 221-241.   Cohen, B. & Winn, M. I. (2009). Market Imperfections, Opportunity and Sustainable Entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 22(1), pp. 29-49. Gibbs, D. (2009). Sustainability Entrepreneurs, Ecopreneurs and the Development of a Sustainable Economy. Greener Management International, 55, 63-78.          Majid, I.A., &Koe, W.L. (2012). Sustainable Entrepreneurship (SE): A Revised Model Based on Triple Bottom Line (TBL). International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 2(6), 293-310.              Carter, R. (2012) .Assessing Corporate Environmental Risk in China: An Evaluation of Reporting Activities of Hong Kong Listed Enterprises., Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management 12, 88-104.     Barron, W. and Steinbrecher, N. (eds) (2004) Heading Towards Sustainability? Practical Indicators of Sustainability in Hong Kong, Hong Kong: University of Hong Kong Collet , D. (2014). Corporate social responsibility: a stages framework, European Business Journal, 16, pp. 143-152.                       Tylor A. (2012). How corporate social responsibility is defined: An analysis of 37 definitions. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 15, 1-13.  Available   at http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/csr.132 Kearny A. (2013) UK environmental policy and thesmall firm: broadening the focus. Business Strategy and the Environment, 12(1): p. 26-35. Available at http://ww2.frost.com/ Tseng, M. L. (2009), ‘Application of ANP and DEMATEL to Evaluate the Decision-Making of Municipal Solid Waste Management in Metro Manila’, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, vol. 156, September, pp. 181–97 Hamrawi H, Coupland S (2009) Type-2 fuzzy arithmetic using alpha-planes. In: Proceedings of the IFSA-EUSFLAT conference, Lisbon, 20–24 July Jassbi J, Mohammadnejad F, Nasrokkahzadeh H (2011) A fuzzy DEMATEL framework for modeling cause and effect relationships of strategy map. ExpertSystAppl 38:5967–5973      Simpson, M., Taylor, N. and Barker, K. (2011), 'Environmental Responsibility in SMEs: Does It Deliver Competitive Advantage?' Business Strategy and the Environment, 13(3), pp.156-171. Bradford, J. and Fraser, E. (2008) Local Authorities, Climate Change and Small and Medium Enterprises: Identifying Effective Policy Instruments to Reduce Energy Use and Carbon Emissions, Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 15 (3), pp.156-172. McMullen, J.S. (2007). Toward a Theory of Sustainable Entrepreneurship: Reducing Environmental Degradation through Entrepreneurial Action. Journal of Business Venturing, 22(1), 50-76             Chan, J. C.-H. and Welford, R. (2012) .Assessing Corporate Environmental Risk in China: An Evaluation of Reporting Activitiesof Hong Kong Listed https://www.ijbed.org/cdn/article_file/content_26562_17-03-27-10-42-33.pdf Amir Aghelie SME Sustainability Drivers Barriers Green Business Implementation 5961 38 0

135 https://www.ijbed.org/details&cid=135 2017-03-27 The purpose of this study is to explore the use of QFD within the Egyptian public sector. Thus, there is a need to examine the role of QFD as an improvement approach within the Egyptian public sector organizations. Where QFD had consistently been claimed in the Western world and Europe. This study aimed to extend the knowledge of choosing an appropriate TQM tool for the Egyptian PSOs. Where it serves as an extension to previous studies carried out in the Western world but within the Egyptian context.             This study is based on two sources of data collection, semi structured interviews from customers which were analyzed using content analysis and focus groups with managers to construct the QFD model. A purposive sample targeting the company's customers and managers were selected who had the requisite information. Semi-structured interviews helped to identify the factors affecting customers' purchase preferences, customers' opinions, perception, requirements, and problems. Moreover, it served the purpose to identify the 'WHATs' that are an essential part of the proposed QFD framework. Two focus group sessions were conducted to construct the QFD model.             The findings of the study indicate that QFD is a generic framework that is appropriate and feasible for application within the public sector tire manufacturing company in Egypt. It was quite a good scientific exercise to demonstrate how customers' requirements were identified, the technical specifications needed and finally constructing the QFD framework to meet customers' requirements.             The current study is a single case study which might limit the ability to generalize the research findings, although it identified powerful context and specific insights into QFD implementation. Yet, generalization of findings could be applied to other public sector companies in Egypt facing almost the same problems and having the same surrounding context and environment. Another limitation of this study is the sample size.             The Egyptian public sector has suffered from different problems and challenges, lack of attention to customers' requirements constituted a major element of such problem. It is suggested that through the use of QFD would help to overcome few challenges facing the public sector. The practical work conducted would help in redirecting and highlighting the important role of QFD. This study aimed to provide insights into the procedures, practices, limitations and constraints faced during QFD development to assist the effective strategic moves for the future.   Al-Zamany, Yasser, Stephen EJ Hoddell, and Barbara M. Savage. “Understanding the Difficulties of Implementing Quality Management in Yemen.” The TQM Magazine 14, no. 4 (2002): 240–247. 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136 https://www.ijbed.org/details&cid=136 2017-03-27 This paper outlines a model of firm innovation management known as the synergic innovation management model. Building on the theory of dynamic capabilities and core competence, the paper suggest three capabilities of firms namely market, technology, management capabilities that drive firms’ innovations. The combination of these three capabilities creates a unique configuration for a firm known as the firm’s core competence that informs the firm's strategic decisions. The synergic innovation management model guides firm in the simultaneous exploration of market, technology, and management innovations required for sustainable business. The paper concludes with limitations of the model and suggestions for further research.  AGUAYO, R. 1991. Dr. Deming: The American who taught the Japanese about quality, Simon and Schuster. ANSOFF, H. I. 1957. Strategies for diversification. Harvard Business Review, 35, 113-124. ARROW, K. J. 1962. 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137 https://www.ijbed.org/details&cid=137 2017-03-27 The focus of this research is developing and examining a conceptual framework relating resource-based organizational capabilities and inter-organizational practices with organizational performance. Specifically, it investigates the relationship between knowledge management capability, organizational learning, supply chain management practices and organizational performance. Such a study is important as it contributes to the growing body of literature that links organizational capabilities and practices with organizational performance. In addition, it also contributes to empirical knowledge by applying the proposed conceptual framework in the Egyptian context, which is currently under-researched. The research approach adopted in this research includes an empirical examination of the hypothesized relationships among research variables applied on 63 factories with more than 100 employees located at New Borg Al-Arab industrial city using self-administrated questionnaires. The findings of this research provide evidence that knowledge management capability has an impact on organizational learning as well as on supply chain management practices. However, none of the research variables; i.e. knowledge management capability, organizational learning and supply chain management practices have an impact on organizational performance. The main conclusion drawn from this study is that knowledge management capability may be useful to managers for predicting organizational learning and coordinating supply chain management practices between supply chain members. 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138 https://www.ijbed.org/details&cid=138 2017-03-27 The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 was passed as a response to the late-2000s recession.  A shareholder opt-in executive pay vote was introduced as a solution to the managerial power problem.  We examine the results of this recommended solution and prove its viability. We find that there is a stronger association between high CEO pay and low say-on-pay vote support for firms with negative financial performance. We also find the market-to-book ratio is significantly lower for companies that failed say-on-pay votes. Furthermore, regulated industries such as financial services are more likely to receive unfavourable say-on-pay votes. We document an increase in the sensitivity of CEO pay to poor performance. Overall, these finds are consistent with calls for less “rewards for failure” that led to the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act.   Alissa, W. 2009. Boards’ response to shareholders’ dissatisfaction: The case of shareholders’ say on pay in the UK, Working paper, Penn State University. Balsam, S. and J. Yin. 2005. Explaining firm willingness to forfeit tax deductions under Internal Revenue Code Section 162(m): The million-dollar cap. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy 24, 300-324. Balsam, S. and J. Yin. 2012. The Impact of Say-on-Pay on Executive Compensation, Working paper, University of Texas at San Antonio. Bebchuk, L. and J. Fried.  2004. Pay without Performance: The Unfulfilled Promise of Executive Compensation. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Bebchuk, L. 2007. “Written Testimony Submitted Before the Committee on Financial Services United States House of Representatives Hearing on Empowering Shareholders on Executive Compensation.” March 8. Bryan, Stephen and LeeSeok Hwang. 1997. CEO compensation in a regulatory environment: An analysis of the electric utility industry. Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Finance 12 (Summer), 223-255. Core, J., R. Holthausen, and D. Larcker. 1999. Corporate governance, chief executive officer compensation, and firm performance. Journal of Financial Economics 51: 371-406. Crystal, G. 1991. In search of excess: The overcompensation of the American executive, New York: W.W. Norton & Company. Ferri, F. and D. Maber. 2009. Say on Pay Votes and CEO Compensation: Evidence from the UK, Working paper, New York University. Healy, Paul M., Sok-Hyon Kang, and Krishna. G. Palepu. 1987. The effect of accounting procedure changes on CEO's cash salary and bonus compensation. Journal of Accounting and Economics 9 (April), 7-34. Jensen, M. and K. Murphy. “Performance Pay and Top-Management Incentives.” Journal of Political Economy, 1990, 98(2), 225-264. Joskow, Paul, Nancy Rose and Andrea Shepard. 1993. Regulatory constraints on CEO compensation. Brookings Papers on Eocnomics Activity: Microeconomics, 1-58. Joskow, Paul, Nancy Rose and Catherine Wolfram. 1996. Political constraints on executive compensation: Evidence from the electric utility industry. RAND Journal of Economics 27 (Spring), 165-182. Khurana, C. “Industry product market competition and managerial incentives.” Journal of Accounting and Economics, 2007, 43(2-3), 275-297.  White, E. and A. O. Patrick. 2007. Publication image shareholders push for vote on executive pay. Wall Street Journal Feb 26: B.1. https://www.ijbed.org/cdn/article_file/content_74142_17-03-31-23-45-28.pdf Xiaoli Yuan Wenguang Lin Ebere A. Oriaku Financial Characteristics Corporate Governance Executive Compensation Say on Pay. 5632 18 0