IJBED 2051-848X 2051-8498 https://doi.org/10.24052/IJBED/ 10 Volume 04 Issue 1 2016-03-01 https://www.ijbed.org/cdn/issue_file/content_48563_18-02-20-10-15-09.pdf

100 https://www.ijbed.org/details&cid=100 2016-05-06 The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) is an economically diverse region that includes countries with a common heritage, at various stages of economic development, with vastly different endowment of natural resources and accounts for 6% of the world total population. Despite undertaking economic reforms in many countries, and having considerable success in achieving macroeconomic stability, the region's economic performance in the past 30 years has been below its potential. Some countries that pursued reforms, such as Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, and Tunisia, enjoyed the region's most rapid growth rates, but due to the political instability and turbulences they are still lagged behind. The purpose of this study is to empirically investigate the impact of globalization in MENA region on the economic performances. This study uses a panel data covers the period 2001–2014 for Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) and non- Gulf Cooperation Council (non-GCC) MENA countries and employs Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) approach. Results indicate that Globalization is negatively affecting economic conditions in non-GCC and it has no significant effect on non-GCC. This study suggests better policy coordination at all level of government to integrate social, economic and political policies as well all to improve transparency and democratic participation. The paper is outlined as follows- following the introduction, section two reviews the current economic conditions in MENA countries, section Arellano, M. and Bond, S., 1991. Some tests of specification for panel data: Monte Carlo evidence and an application to employment equations. The Review of Economic Studies, 58: 277–297. Baltagi, B., 1995. The Econometric Analysis of Panel Data. Wiley, New York, NY. Bordo, D., Eichengreen, B., and Irwin, D., 1999. Is Globalization Today Really Different than Globalization a Hundred Years Ago? NBER, Working Paper 7195. Castells, M., 1996. The Rise of the Networked Society. Oxford: Blackwell. Castells, M., 2001. Information technology and global capitalism, in: Hutton, W., and Giddens, A. (eds.), On The Edge. Living with global capitalism, London: Vintage. Clark, C., 2000. Environmental Globalization, in: Nye, J., and Donahue, J., (eds.), Governance in a Globalizing World. Brookings Institution Press, Washington, D.C.: 86-108. Diamond, L., 1992. The Democratic Revolution; Struggles for Freedom and Pluralism in the Developing World. Boston Freedom House. Dreher, A., 2006. Does Globalization Affect Growth? Evidence from a new Index of Globalization. Applied Economics, 38, 10: 1091-1110. Dreher, A., Gaston, N., and Martens, P., 2008. Measuring Globalization - Gauging its Consequence. New York: Springer. Feenstra, C., and Hanson, H., 1997. Foreign Direct Investment and Relative Wages: Evidence from Mexico’s Maquiladoras. Journal of International Economics, vol. 42, pp. 371-93. Fishlow, A., and Haggard, S., 1992. The United States and the Regionalization of the World Economy. OECD Development Centre, Paris. Gee, P., Hull, L. and Lankshear, C., 1996. The New Work Order, behind the language of the new capitalism. St. Leonards, Aus.: Allen and Unwin. Gengler, J., 2015.  Group Conflict and Political Mobilization in Bahrain and the Arab Gulf: Rethinking the Rentier State. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, p. 96 Hakimian, H., 2000. Economics from East to West Asia: Lessons of Globalization, Crisis and              Economic Reform. School of Oriental and African Studies, SOAS Working Paper No. 82. Heritage foundation, 2015. The Index of Economic Freedom, Wall Street Journal. http://www.heritage.org/index/ Huntington, S., 2009. How countries Democratize? Political Science Quarterly, 124:1, 31-69. Hutton, W., and Giddens, A. (eds.), 2001. On The Edge, Living with global capitalism. London: Vintage. IMF, 2014. International Monetary Fund’s World Economic Outlook 2014. Keohane, O., and Nye, J., 2000. Introduction, in: Nye, J., and Donahue, J., (eds.), Governance in a Globalizing World. Brookings Institution Press, Washington, D.C.: 1-44. KOF Swiss Economic Institute, 2014. KOF Index of Globalization 2014, Press Release. http://globalization.kof.ethz.ch/ Lall, S., 2002. The Employment Impact of Globalization in Developing Countries. QEH Working Paper Series, QEHWPS93, Working Paper No. 93. Lee, E., and Vivarelli, M. (eds.), 2004. Understanding Globalization, Employment and Poverty Reduction, Palgrave Macmillan, New York. Lee, E., and Vivarelli, M., 2006. The Social Impact of Globalization in the Developing. Institute for the Study of Labor Countries, Discussion Paper Theory, IZA DP No. 1925. Leys, C., 2001. Market-Driven Politics. Neoliberal democracy and the public interest. London: Verso Books. Norris, P., 2000. Global Governance and Cosmopolitan Citizens, in: Nye, J., and Donahue, J., (eds.), Governance in a Globalizing World. Brookings Institution Press, Washington, D.C.: 155-177. OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development), 2011. MENA Initiative on Governance and Investment for Development. www.oecd.org/mena/investment. Oman, C., 1994. Globalization and Regionalization: The Challenge for Developing Countries.             OECD Development Centre, Paris. Rao, B., Vadlamannati, K., 2011. Globalization and growth in the low income African countries with the extreme bounds analysis. Economic Modelling, 28: 795–805. Romer, M., 1990. Endogenous Technological Change. Journal of Political Economy 98(5), pp. 71-102. Rosenau, N., 1997. The Complexities and Contradictions of Globalization. Current History, Vol. 96, No. 613. Sayan, S., 2009. Economic Performance in the Middle East and North Africa Institutions, Corruption and Reform. Routledge, 8 B/W Illus. Scholte, J., 2005. Globalization: a critical introduction. Palgrave Macmillan, Second Edition. Shin, C., 1994. On the Third Wave of Democratization: A Synthesis and Evaluation of Recent Theory and Research. World Politics, 47:135-70. Spence, M.and Leipziger, D., 2010. Globalization and Growth - Implications for a Post-Crisis World: Commission on Growth and Development. Commission on Growth and Development. World Bank Group. World Bank.  https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/2440 License: CC BY 3.0 IGO. Stolper, W., and Samuelson, A., 1941. Protection and Real Wages. Review of Economic Studies, vol. 9, pp.58-73. Strange, S., 1996. The Retreat of the State: The Diffusion of Power in the World Economy. Cambridge University Press, New York. The Economist Intelligence Unit, 2014. Democracy Index 2014: Democracy and its discontents, Intelligence Unit Report. The Fragile States Index, 2015. The Fund for peace (FFP), Washington. Unger, R., 1997. Globalization as an Instrument of Exploitation, paper presented at a conference on Globalization, University of São Paulo, Brazil. Wade, R., 1996. Globalization and its Limits: Reports of the Death of the National Economy Are Greatly Exaggerated, in: Berger, S., and Dore, R. (eds.), National Diversity and Global Capitalism. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York. Wiggins, V., and Poi, B., 2003. Testing for panel-level heteroskedasticity and autocorrelation. StataCorp FAQs. (Revised on April, 3, 2008). Wolf, A., 2002. Does Education Matter? Myths about education and economic growth, London: Penguin. Wooldridge, J., 2002. Econometric analysis of cross section and panel data. The MIT press. World Bank, 1999. World Development Report 1998/99: Knowledge for Development. Washington: World Bank. http://www.worldbank.org/wdr/wdr98/contents.htm. World Bank, 2011. Towards a New Partnership for Inclusive Growth in the MENA Region. Washington DC: World Bank Group. World Bank, 2015. The Economic Outlook for the Middle East and North Africa. Washington: World Bank. World Bank, World Development Report and Country Report (various editions). Washington: World Bank. Yifu Lin, J., 2008. The Impact of the Financial Crisis on Developing Countries. Korea Development Institute, Seoul. https://www.ijbed.org/cdn/article_file/i-10_c-100.pdf Marwa A. Elsherif Globalization MENA Economic Performance Political Instability 5156 20 0

101 https://www.ijbed.org/details&cid=101 2016-05-06 The going concern principle assumes that an entity will continue to exist into the future. This assumption implies that the entity will not be compelled to end their operations, liquidate their assets, or go into bankruptcy. It is an integral assumption in financial statements since it allows for the deferral of recognition of certain expenses until a period of time into the future, when the company is still assumed to exist. Members of management, as well as financial statement auditors, are required to identify signs that could indicate that an entity will not be able to continue their operations into the near future. Some of these signs include a trend of operating losses, loan defaults, legal proceedings against the entity and so forth. The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) updated the going concern guidelines so that issuers of financial statements are uniform in frequency and substance of going concern determination. Prior to the Accounting Standards Update, U.S. GAAP lacked sufficient guidance about managements responsibility to evaluate whether there is substantial doubt of the entitys ability to continue as going concern. In order to clarify the uncertainty, FASB issued a new financial reporting standard. This new reporting will be in effect for the annual period ending after December 15, 2016. The updated standard will require management to perform annual and interim assessments of an entitys ability to continue as a going concern for one ye Arellano, M. and Bond, S., 1991. Some tests of specification for panel data: Monte Carlo evidence and an application to employment equations. The Review of Economic Studies, 58: 277–297. Baltagi, B., 1995. The Econometric Analysis of Panel Data. Wiley, New York, NY. Bordo, D., Eichengreen, B., and Irwin, D., 1999. Is Globalization Today Really Different than Globalization a Hundred Years Ago? NBER, Working Paper 7195. Castells, M., 1996. The Rise of the Networked Society. Oxford: Blackwell. Castells, M., 2001. Information technology and global capitalism, in: Hutton, W., and Giddens, A. (eds.), On The Edge. Living with global capitalism, London: Vintage. Clark, C., 2000. Environmental Globalization, in: Nye, J., and Donahue, J., (eds.), Governance in a Globalizing World. Brookings Institution Press, Washington, D.C.: 86-108. Diamond, L., 1992. The Democratic Revolution; Struggles for Freedom and Pluralism in the Developing World. Boston Freedom House. Dreher, A., 2006. Does Globalization Affect Growth? Evidence from a new Index of Globalization. Applied Economics, 38, 10: 1091-1110. Dreher, A., Gaston, N., and Martens, P., 2008. Measuring Globalization - Gauging its Consequence. New York: Springer. Feenstra, C., and Hanson, H., 1997. Foreign Direct Investment and Relative Wages: Evidence from Mexico’s Maquiladoras. Journal of International Economics, vol. 42, pp. 371-93. Fishlow, A., and Haggard, S., 1992. The United States and the Regionalization of the World Economy. OECD Development Centre, Paris. Gee, P., Hull, L. and Lankshear, C., 1996. The New Work Order, behind the language of the new capitalism. St. Leonards, Aus.: Allen and Unwin. Gengler, J., 2015.  Group Conflict and Political Mobilization in Bahrain and the Arab Gulf: Rethinking the Rentier State. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, p. 96 Hakimian, H., 2000. Economics from East to West Asia: Lessons of Globalization, Crisis and              Economic Reform. School of Oriental and African Studies, SOAS Working Paper No. 82. Heritage foundation, 2015. The Index of Economic Freedom, Wall Street Journal. http://www.heritage.org/index/ Huntington, S., 2009. How countries Democratize? Political Science Quarterly, 124:1, 31-69. Hutton, W., and Giddens, A. (eds.), 2001. On The Edge, Living with global capitalism. London: Vintage. IMF, 2014. International Monetary Fund’s World Economic Outlook 2014. Keohane, O., and Nye, J., 2000. Introduction, in: Nye, J., and Donahue, J., (eds.), Governance in a Globalizing World. Brookings Institution Press, Washington, D.C.: 1-44. KOF Swiss Economic Institute, 2014. KOF Index of Globalization 2014, Press Release. http://globalization.kof.ethz.ch/ Lall, S., 2002. The Employment Impact of Globalization in Developing Countries. QEH Working Paper Series, QEHWPS93, Working Paper No. 93. Lee, E., and Vivarelli, M. (eds.), 2004. Understanding Globalization, Employment and Poverty Reduction, Palgrave Macmillan, New York. Lee, E., and Vivarelli, M., 2006. The Social Impact of Globalization in the Developing. Institute for the Study of Labor Countries, Discussion Paper Theory, IZA DP No. 1925. Leys, C., 2001. Market-Driven Politics. Neoliberal democracy and the public interest. London: Verso Books. Norris, P., 2000. Global Governance and Cosmopolitan Citizens, in: Nye, J., and Donahue, J., (eds.), Governance in a Globalizing World. Brookings Institution Press, Washington, D.C.: 155-177. OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development), 2011. MENA Initiative on Governance and Investment for Development. www.oecd.org/mena/investment. Oman, C., 1994. Globalization and Regionalization: The Challenge for Developing Countries.             OECD Development Centre, Paris. Rao, B., Vadlamannati, K., 2011. Globalization and growth in the low income African countries with the extreme bounds analysis. Economic Modelling, 28: 795–805. Romer, M., 1990. Endogenous Technological Change. Journal of Political Economy 98(5), pp. 71-102. Rosenau, N., 1997. The Complexities and Contradictions of Globalization. Current History, Vol. 96, No. 613. Sayan, S., 2009. Economic Performance in the Middle East and North Africa Institutions, Corruption and Reform. Routledge, 8 B/W Illus. Scholte, J., 2005. Globalization: a critical introduction. Palgrave Macmillan, Second Edition. Shin, C., 1994. On the Third Wave of Democratization: A Synthesis and Evaluation of Recent Theory and Research. World Politics, 47:135-70. Spence, M.and Leipziger, D., 2010. Globalization and Growth - Implications for a Post-Crisis World: Commission on Growth and Development. Commission on Growth and Development. World Bank Group. World Bank.  https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/2440 License: CC BY 3.0 IGO. Stolper, W., and Samuelson, A., 1941. Protection and Real Wages. Review of Economic Studies, vol. 9, pp.58-73. Strange, S., 1996. The Retreat of the State: The Diffusion of Power in the World Economy. Cambridge University Press, New York. The Economist Intelligence Unit, 2014. Democracy Index 2014: Democracy and its discontents, Intelligence Unit Report. The Fragile States Index, 2015. The Fund for peace (FFP), Washington. Unger, R., 1997. Globalization as an Instrument of Exploitation, paper presented at a conference on Globalization, University of São Paulo, Brazil. Wade, R., 1996. Globalization and its Limits: Reports of the Death of the National Economy Are Greatly Exaggerated, in: Berger, S., and Dore, R. (eds.), National Diversity and Global Capitalism. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York. Wiggins, V., and Poi, B., 2003. Testing for panel-level heteroskedasticity and autocorrelation. StataCorp FAQs. (Revised on April, 3, 2008). Wolf, A., 2002. Does Education Matter? Myths about education and economic growth, London: Penguin. Wooldridge, J., 2002. Econometric analysis of cross section and panel data. The MIT press. World Bank, 1999. World Development Report 1998/99: Knowledge for Development. Washington: World Bank. http://www.worldbank.org/wdr/wdr98/contents.htm. World Bank, 2011. Towards a New Partnership for Inclusive Growth in the MENA Region. Washington DC: World Bank Group. World Bank, 2015. The Economic Outlook for the Middle East and North Africa. Washington: World Bank. World Bank, World Development Report and Country Report (various editions). Washington: World Bank. Yifu Lin, J., 2008. The Impact of the Financial Crisis on Developing Countries. Korea Development Institute, Seoul. https://www.ijbed.org/cdn/article_file/i-10_c-101.pdf Achraf A. Seyam Sharon Brickman Going concern substantial doubt continuing business operating loss defaulting on loans legal proceeds interim assessments cessation of business. 4915 11 0

102 https://www.ijbed.org/details&cid=102 2016-05-06 Recession is a built-in feature of the market economy, it is unavoidable but controllable. Almost all of the recent recessions have had the same chain of causes from the demand and supply sides and profit has been the first leading indicator to signal a sluggish US economy. The recent economic slowdown began in the third quarter of 2015 but it did not start suddenly. It was a result of cumulating tensions built up in the expansion after the recession of 2007-2009. http://www.bea.doc.gov http://www.stls.frb.org/fred/data/gdp.html http://www.stls.frb.org/fred/data/wkly.html http://www.stls.frb.org/fred/data/gdp/nicur http://www.stls.frb.org/fred/data/irates/mprime http://www.stls.frb.org/data/business/comprnfb http://www.stls.frb.org/fred/data/gdp/cpatax http://www.bea.doc.gov/bea/glance.htm https://www.ijbed.org/cdn/article_file/i-10_c-102.pdf Bob Namvar Recession US Economy Economic indicators Investment spending 5447 14 0

103 https://www.ijbed.org/details&cid=103 2016-05-06 This study aimed at examining the relationships between work-family balance and organizational commitment, organizational citizenship behavior, life satisfaction, job involvement and the intention to leave. It depends on "a proportional stratified random sample" of 368 from the full-time working employees in the three communication companies in Egypt. Of the 368 questionnaires distributed 276 completed and usable questionnaires are returned representing a response rate of 75%. The sample consists of 53, 2% females and 64, 8% males. With regard to marital status, 99, 6% of the sample is married and 86% of them reported having a working spouse (dual-earner status). The average number of children under- age is 1.41. The collected data are analyzed by using different statistical techniques. The research ended by the following results: (a) work-family balance and organizational commitment , organizational citizenship behavior , life satisfaction , job involvement are positively and significantly related to each other while it is negatively related to the intention to leave, (b) gender and marital status have relatively influence on the relationship between work-family balance and its mentioned consequences ; (c) the relationships between work-family balance and its consequences are higher for males and for those who are married without young children than for females and those married with young children . Finally, the research ended by some managerial implications, recommendati Abigail, G., Susan, M., and Polis, S. (2013), Work-life balance in times of economic crisis and austerity, International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 33, 9-10, pp.528-541. Allen, T. D.(2013),The work-family role interface : a synthesis of research from industrial and organizational psychology , in Weiner,I.B.(ED), Handbook of Psychology 2nd (ED), John Wiley and Sons , New York, NY,pp. 698-718. Allen,T.D., Shockley , K.M. ,and Biga, A. (2010), Work and family in a global context , in Lundby , K.(ED) , Going global : practical applications and recommendations for HR and OD professionals in the global workplace , Jossey-Bass, San Francisco , CA, pp.377-401 Amstad , F. T. , Meier , L.L. ,Fasel , U., Elfering ,A. ,and Semmer ,N.K. (2011), A meta –analysis of work-family conflict and various outcomes with a special emphasis on cross-domain vs. matching domain relations , Journal of Occupational Health Psychology ,16,2,pp.151-169. Anwar, A. and Shadzah, E. (2011), Impact of work life conflict on perceived employee performance: evidence from Pakistan, European Journal of Economics, and Finance, and Administrative Science, 31, pp. 1450-2275. Anxo, D. Franz, C., and Kummer Ling, A (2013) Working time and work life balance in a lifecourse perspective, European Foundation for the improvement of living and working conditions, Dublin. Aslam ,B. S. , Shumaila , M.Azhar , and S. Sadaqat (2011) ,Family conflict : relationship between work life conflict and employee intention , Journal of Research in Business ,1 ,2 ,pp.18-29. Botero, I.C. (2012), Enhancing our understanding of work-life balance from a communication perspective: important considerations for future research, In Salmon, CCED communication year book, v.36, Routledge, New York, NY, pp.231-235. Buchanan, B. (1974), Building organizational commitment: the socialization of managers in work organizations, Administrative Science Quarterly, 19, pp, 533-546. Carlson, D.S., Grzywacz, J.G., and Zivnuska, S. (2009), Is work-family balance more than conflict and enrichment? Human Relations, 62, 10, pp.1459-1486. Cegarra-leiva , D., Sanchez-Vidal, M.E., and Cegarra-Navarro,J.G.(2012), Understanding the link between work life balance practices and organizational outcomes in SME's , Personnel Review, 41, 3, pp.359-379. Christene , A.G. ,Louise, M.W., and Peter ,C.S.(2013), An exploration of the psychological factors affecting remote E- worker's job effectiveness , well-being and work-life balance , Employees Relations , 35 ,5 , pp.527-546. Claudia, S.W., and Alexandra, K.W. (2012), Challenges of work life balance for women physicians and mothers working in leadership positions, Gender Medicine, 9, 4, pp. 25-32. Darcy, C., McCarthy, A., Hill, J., and Grady, G. (2012), Work-life balance, one size fits all? An exploratory analysis of the differential effects of career stage, European Management Journal, 30, pp. 111-120. Divina, M.E. (2012), Innovative work-life balance strategies of Filipina entrepreneurs: new evidence from survey and case research approaches, Procedia- Social and Behavioral Sciences, 57, pp. 201-208. Frone, M.R. (2003), Work-family balance, In J.C. Quick and L.E. Ettrick (Eds), Handbook of occupational health psychology, Washington: DC. American Psychological Association ,pp. 143-162. Georgeta, P., and Mihaela, S. (2013), Marital status and work-life balance, Proceda – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 78, pp. 21-25. Greenhaus, G. H., and Allen, T.D. (2010), Work-family balance: a review and extension of the literature, In Tetrick, L. and Quick, J.C. (EDs), Handbook of occupational health psychology (2nd Ed.) American Psychological Association, Washington, DC, pp.165-183. Grzywacz, J.G. and Carlson, D.S. (2007), Conceptualizing work-family balance: implications for practice and research, Advances in Developing Human Resources, 9, pp. 455-471. Henning , M., Gaterman ,D., and Hagglund ,A.E. (2012) ,Pros and cons of family policies for mothers' labor market participation , International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy ,32, pp.502-512. Hye, K.K. (2014), Work-life balance and employees' performance: the mediating role of effective commitment, Global Business and Management Research: An international Journal, 6, 1, pp.37-51. Jill, R., Hemle, I.C., Botero, D.R., and Seibold, A. (2014), Factors that influence perceptions of work-life balance in owners of copreneurial firms, Journal of Family Business Management, 4, pp.110-132. Kassel, E.E., Ruderman, M.N., Braddy, P.W., and Hannum, K.M. (2013), Work- nonwork boundary management profiles: a person centered approach, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 81, 1, pp.112-128. Kim, S.M. (2012), a study on women resources utilization: Introduction of work-life balance policy, Unpublished Master's Thesis, Keimyung University, Korea. Kirby, E.L., and Buzzanell , P.M. (2014) , Communicating work-life issues , In Putnam ,L.L. and Mumby , D.K.(EDs) , The SAGE Handbook of organizational communication , Advances in Theory , Research and Methods , SAGE, Thousand Oaks , pp.351-373. Kwan ,H. K., Lau, V. P. ,and Au, K. (2012), Effects of family –to-work conflict on business owners : the role of family business , Family Business Review ,25 ,2,pp.178-190. Lei, W. U., Binahaya , R., Nancy , C. and Mary ,L.M.(2013) ,Relationships between work-life balance and job related factors among child welfare workers , Children and Youth Services Review, 2, p.. 1447-1454. Liisa, M.V.S.H. (2011), Lives of female expatriates: work-life balance concerns, Gender in Management: An International Journal, 29, 4, pp. 256-274. Lim, D.H., Song, J.H. and Choi, M. (2012) Work family interface: effects of enrichment and conflict on job performance of Korean workers, Journal of Management and organization, 18, 3, pp.388-397. Meyer, P.J., and Allen, D.J. (2011), Testing the side bet theory of organizational commitment: some methodological consideration, Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, pp. 372-378. Michel, J.S., Kotrba, L.M., Mitchelson, J.K.,Clark, M.A., and Battes ,B.B.(2011) ,Antecedents of work family conflict : a meta analytic review ,Journal of Organizational Behavior ,32,5,pp.689-725. Moen, P. (2011) Work and work-life balance, Paris course and fit: five challenges to the field, Community, Work and Family, 14, 1, pp.81-96. Muhamad, K.O. (2013), Non standard work arrangements and affective commitment: the mediating role of work-life balance, Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 107, pp.4-12. Nwosu, H.E. (2014), Work-life balance and organizational productivity : an evaluation of work-life inhibiting factors on the productivity of employees in agricultural sector in Nigeria, The International Journal of Business and Management ,2,10 ,pp.20-29. Ollier-Malaterre, A. (2010), Contributions of work-life and resilience initiatives to the individual / organization relationship, Human Relations, 63, pp. 41-62. Ong, H.L.C., and Jeyaraj, S. (2014), Work-life interventions: differences between work life balance and work life harmony and its impact on creativity at work, SAGE Open, 20, 4, pp.1-11. Rashid , S. , Rab , N. L. , Khalil , A.A. , Zahid , M., and Moeed ,A. (2013) Work life balance and stress with turnover rate of the employees , World Applied Sciences Journal , 26 ,6 pp. 834-839. Ryu, H.J. (2011), a study on the quality of life in employee's work-family balance and conflicts, unpublished master thesis, Ulsan University, Korea. Sally, Khallash. And Martin, Kruse. (2012), The future of work and work-life balance 2025, Futures, 44, pp. 678-686. Sakthivel, R., Kamalo, N., and Selvanan, T. (2011), Work life balance reflection on employee satisfaction, Serbian Journal of Management, 6, 1, pp.85-96. Seashore, S.E., Lawler, E.E., Mirvis, P, and Commann, C., (1982) (EDs), Observing and measuring organizational change: a guide to field practice, John Wiley, New York, NY. Shockley, K.M., and Singla, N. (2011), Reconsidering work-family interaction and satisfaction: a Meta analysis, Journal of Management, 37, 3, pp. 861-886.    Staines, G.L., Pottick, K. J., and Fudge, D.A. (1986), Wives' employment and husbands' attitudes toward work and life, Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, pp.118-128. (12) Stefan, S., and Shiva, S. (2013), Balance between work and life: a qualitative study of German contract workers, European Journal, 31, pp. 250-262. Subhasree, K., and Misra, E. (2013), Nexus between work life balance practices and employee retention: the mediating effect of a supportive culture, Asian Social Science, 9, 11, pp.63-75. Rashid ,S. , Rab,N.L., Khalil ,A.A. ,Zahid ,M., and Moeed, A. (2013), Work life balance and stress with turnover rate of the employees , World Applied Sciences Journal ,26, 6, pp. 834-839. Uzoechi ,N., Babatunde , O.A. (2012), The impact of work life balance on the commitment and motivation of Nigerian women employees , International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences ,2,39,pp.20-30 Van Dyne, L.E., and Lepine, J.A. (1998), Helping and voice extra role behaviors: evidence of construct and predictive validity, Academy of Management Journal, 41, pp.108-119. Williams, J.C., and Boushey, H. (2010), The three faces of work -family conflict, Center for American Progress, Washington, DC. https://www.ijbed.org/cdn/article_file/i-10_c-103.pdf Sally Kamel Ali Omran Work-family balance Organizational commitment Organizational Citizenship behavior Life satisfaction Job involvement Intention to leave. 5780 20 0

104 https://www.ijbed.org/details&cid=104 2016-05-06 One of key objectives of modern economics is to determine factors that influence the economic development. This paper, therefore, seeks to discuss entrepreneurship as one of the factors that influence the economy of a nation, either directly or indirectly. It is a fact that entrepreneurship plays a significant part in shaping the landscape of a countrys economy. Economists and policy makers recognize this fact. In fact, entrepreneurship is the engine of economic growth and it has come to be perceived as a catalytic agent for expansion and promotion of productive activities in every sphere of global economy life. This research will focus on finding out how entrepreneurship influences the economy of Saudi Arabia. The paper will begin with a brief introduction of the topic before proceeding to present a comprehensive review of literature relevant to the topic. It will then proceed to present an overview of relevant variables used in determining the role played by entrepreneurship in the economy of Saudi Arabia. There will then follow a discussion on the disadvantages of entrepreneurship to the economy. The paper will end with a conclusion summarizing all the keys points discussed, research limitations, and recommendations for further research. Alhajji, A. (2015, 4 1). Saudi Arabia Oil Prices and Shale Energy. Retrieved from Economia: http://economia.icaew.com/opinion/april-2015/saudi-arabia-oil-prices-and-shale-energy Alsodais, S. (2013, 9). Science, Technology and Innovation in Saudi Arabia. Retrieved from WIPO: http://www.wipo.int/wipo_magazine/en/2013/05/article_0006.html Bathelt, H. (2001). Competence and economic Recovery: Divergent Growths Paths in Bostons High Technology Economy. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 287-317. Faria, J., Cuestas, J. and Mourelle, E. (2010), “Entrepreneurship and unemployment: a nonlinear bidirectional causality?” Economic Modelling, 27(10), 1282-1291 GTI. (2013). Exports Today. Retrieved from Global Trade Information Services: http://www.gtis.com/english/ Hamod, D. (2010), “Cultivating the entrepreneurial ecosystem in Saudi Arabia”, US-Arab Tradeline, XVII (1) spring, 1-3. Kayed, R. & Hassan, K. (2013). Islamic Entrepreneurship: Durham Modern Middle East and Islamic World Series. New York: Routledge. Kelley, D., Bosma, N., & Amorós, J. (2010). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM). Global Report: Babson. Muhammad, F. (Nd). Entrepreneurship in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Retrieved from Young Saudi Entrepreneurs: http://saudientrepreneurship.com/ Quandl. (2015, March). Saudi Arabia Unemployment Summary. Retrieved from www.quandl.com: https://www.quandl.com/collections/saudi-arabia/saudi-arabia-unemployment Salem, M. I. (2014). Building an Entrepreneural Economy: Evidence From Developing Countries. Retrieved from International Business and Economic Research Journal: file:///C:/Users/StarKiss/Downloads/8599-34095-1-PB%20(2).pdf Sarkar, S. (2014). International Journal of Finance and Policy Analysis. London: Universal Publishers. Smith, D. (2010) "The Role of Entrepreneurship in Economic Growth”. Undergraduate Economic review: Vol. 6: Iss.1, Article 7. Retrieved from: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/uer/vol6/iss1/7 Summers, D. (2012, 6 10). How Saudi Arabia Will Influence The Oil Market to Benefit Their Economy. Retrieved from Oilprice: http://oilprice.com/Energy/Crude-Oil/How-Saudi-Arabia-Will-Influence-the-Oil-Market-to-Benefit-their-Economy.html Thurik, R., Carree, M., Stel, A. and D. Audretsch. (2008), “Does self-employment reduce Unemployment?” Journal of Business Venturing, 23(6), 687-698. Tiwari, A. (2007). Entrepreneurship development in India. Mumbai: Sarup & Sons Publishers. Trading Economics. (2015). Saudi Arabia. Retrieved from Trading Economics: http://www.tradingeconomics.com/saudi-arabia/gdp-growth-annual https://www.ijbed.org/cdn/article_file/i-10_c-104.pdf Nadia Yusuf Nisreen Ismail Albanawi Consumption Factors Economic Development Entrepreneurship Gross Domestic Product Saudi Arabia. 5157 11 0

105 https://www.ijbed.org/details&cid=105 2016-05-06 Over the past few years, much has been written about the rapid spread of various types of firm networking, the area of female entrepreneurs networks and small business entrepreneurship is still a challenging research field. This study aims to explore the role of female entrepreneurs networks and examine the important influences of female entrepreneurs networking behaviour. Pilot studies are mostly under-reported in the qualitative research literature and this article specifically focuses on the pilot study findings. Having established that a qualitative methodology is most suitable for this study, the in-depth narrative interviews and observation are deemed particularly suitable research tools. For this study, the pilot work was conducted in London prior to the main stage of data gathering in Sri Lanka. Five Sri Lankan migrant women entrepreneurs in London were purposively approached and interviewed. Findings show that the female entrepreneurs networking experience provides valuable insight for developing their own small businesses. More specifically, the majority of the female entrepreneurs emphasized the purpose-driven nature of their contacts and they organized their networks around the family and social domains rather than professional ties. Further, influences: competing family responsibilities and business matters (being a good mum), gender, trust and running a home-based business, are important and they affect the networking behaviour of female entrepreneurs. Thi Aldrich, H. and Reese, P. R. and Dubini, P., 1989. Women on the Verge of a Breakthrough: Networking        among Entrepreneurs in the United States and Italy. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, vol.1 (4), pp.339-356 Arent, G., and. Janet, W.S., 2003). Social network and entrepreneurship. Journal of entrepreneurship   theory and practice, vol. 28, Issue 1, pp. 1–22 Ascigil, S.F. and Magner, N.R., 2009. Business incubators: leveraging skill utilization through social capital.Journal of Small Business Strategy, Vol. 19, Number 20 Spring/Summer 2009 BarNir, A. and Smith, K. A., 2002. Inter-firm alliances in the small business: The role of social networks. Journal of Small Business Management; vol. 40, no.3, pg. 219 Batjargal, B., Hitt, M., Webb, J. Arregle, J.L and Miller, T., 2009. Women and men entrepreneurs’ social networks and new venture performance across cultures. Academy of Management Proceedings, vol.1, pp.1-6 Bird, B. and Brush, C., 2002. A gendered perspective on organizational creation. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 26 (3), 41–65. Chris, D., Nerys, F.L. and Eillen, S. et al., 2011.Entrepreneurs perception of business networks: Does gender matter? The international Journal of Entrepreneurship and innovation, Vol. 12, No 4, pp.271-281D’ Exelle, B. and Holvoet, N., 2011. Gender and network formation in rural Nicaragua: a village case study. Feminist Economics, vol. 17(2), PP. 31–61Foss, L., 2010.Research on entrepreneurial networks: The case for a constructionist feminist theory perspective. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, Vol.2 No 1 Garcia, M.C.D. and Carter, S., 2009. Resource mobilization through business owners’ networks: is gender an issue? International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, vol. 1 No. 3, pp. 226-252 Klyver, K., 2011. Gender differences in entrepreneurial networks: adding an alter perspective. Gender in Management, Vol.26. Klyver, K., Kevin, H. and Denny, M.2007. Influence of social network structure on entrepreneurship participation—A study of 20 national cultures. International Entrepreneurship Management Journal, vol. 4. pp.331-347 Klyver K. and Grant, S., 2010.Gender differences in entrepreneurial networking and participation. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, Vol.2 No 3 Kristina, A.B., 2010. The paradox of gender equality: an entrepreneurial case study from Sweden. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, Vol.2 No 1, pp.10-26 Mastura, J., Abdul R.A.A.and Muhammad H.S., 2009. The use of social network theory of entrepreneur’s linkages development. Theoretical and empirical researches in urban management journal, special volume April Miller, N.J, Besser, T.L. and Riibe, J.V...2007. Do strategic business networks benefit male- and female-owned small community business? Journal of Small Business Strategy; fall 2006/Winter 2007; vol.17, 2; pp.53 Mishler, E.G., 1996. Research Interviewing: Context and Narrative.Harvard University Press: USA Rae, D., 2004. Practical theories from entrepreneurs’ stories: discursive approaches to entrepreneurial learning. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 11, 195–202 Ramachandran, K. and  Ramnarayan, S., 1993.Entrepreneurial orientation and networking: Some Indian evidence. Journal of Business Venturing, vol. 8, issue 6, pp. 513–524 Rauf, A.  and Mitra, J., 2013.The Role of Personal Networks in the Growth of Entrepreneurial Ventures of Pakistani Female Entrepreneurs.Enterprising Matters E magazine Robinson, S.  and Hans A.S.,2009. Business incubator explanations; networking and gender differences. International journal of Management, Vol. 4, No 2. Roomi, M.A., 2009. Impact of social capital development and use in the growth process of women-owned firms. Journal of Enterprising Culture, Vol. 17, No. pp. 473–495 Sappleton, N., 2009.Women non-traditional entrepreneurs and social capital. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, Vol. 1 No. 3, Sharlanova, V., 2004.Experiential learning. Trakia Journal of Sciences, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp 36-39 Tsuchiya, R., 2010.Neighborhood social networks and female self-employment earnings in Taiwan. International Entrepreneurship Management Journal, vol.6, pp.143–161 Watson J., 2011. Networking: Gender differences and the association with firm performance. International Small Business Journal XX(X) 1–23 Wendy D. and. Jeffrey, D.Y., 2001. Entrepreneurial networks in the micro business sector: examine differences across gender and business stage. Journal of small business and Entrepreneurship, Vol.16, No1. https://www.ijbed.org/cdn/article_file/i-10_c-105.pdf H.A.K.N.S.Surangi Female entrepreneurs networking structural dimension relational dimension narratives 4950 8 0

106 https://www.ijbed.org/details&cid=106 2016-05-06 Money, the most complex idea to understand is labelled a subject of disagreement and a thorough confusion among economists. Money has been fortunate enough a topic to receive ample attention from the philosophers. The economic literature is replete with theories concerning the understanding and behavior of money from different historic eras. The present-day knowledge of money is very limited when it comes to understanding what actually it can be. Most of the common strata of people believe that money is something that is determined by the governments. People generally hold the view that citizens have a legitimate duty incumbent upon them to honor the payment systems stipulated by the authorities. This Research Paper aims at bringing together most of the prominent contributions of the greatest philosophers of money and clearly demarcates various schools of monetary thought be it the Classical, Neo-Classical or the Heterodox. The aims of this chapter are to review the relevant theories concerning the understanding of money, to present the monetary dogmas of historical times in proper chronological order, to establish a link between the predecessor and the successor, to elaborate on the most obscure confusions and their causes in an easy to understand parlance and to deviate from the mainstream to discuss the Heterodox yet appealing school of thought. Agger, Eugene E. (1941). Money and Banking Today, New York: pp. 189-190 Birner, Jack; van Zijp, Rudy (1994). Hayek, Co-ordination and Evolution: His Legacy in Philosophy, Politics, Economics and the History of Ideas. London, New York: Routledge. p. 94.  ISBN 978-0-415-09397-2. Boettke, Peter J.; Peter T. Leeson (2003). "28A: The Austrian School of Economics 1950-2000". In Warren Samuels, Jeff E. Biddle, and John B. Davis. A Companion to the History of Economic Thought. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 446–452. ISBN 978-0-631-22573-7. Fisher, Irving (1922). The Purchasing Power of Money. Library of Economics and Liberty. 4 March 2015.     http://www.econlib.org/library/YPDBooks/Fisher/fshPPM.html Handa, J. (2009). Monetary economics 2 Edition, Routledge: p 41 Hayek, A. Fredrick (1932). “Monetary Theory and the Trade cycle” London School of Economics Holander, H Jacob. “The Development of the Theory of Money from Adam Smith to David Ricardo”, Quarterly Journal of Economics Volume. 25, (1910-11): pp. 429-470 Johnson, L. E, Ley, Robert, Cate, Thomas (2001). Keynes’ Theory of Money and His Attack on the Classical Model, International Advances in Economic Research, Vol. 7, No. 4. Khaldun, Ibn (1377). The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History, trans. from Arabic by Franz Rosenthal (1958), 2 volume, Bollingen Series, No. 43 (New York: Pantheon, 1958). pp. 245- 285 Marcuzzo, M Cristina, Rosseli. Analisa (1991), Ricardo’s Theory of Money Matters. Revue economique. Annee 1994. Vol 45: pp 1251- 1268 Mason, Will. E (1963). Clarification of the Monetary Standard: The Concept and its Relation to Monetary Policies and Objectives. University Park, PA: pp.78-79, 190 Mill, John Stuart (1848a). Principles of Political Economy, Longman Green 1920. pp 488 Mill, John Stuart (1848b). Principles of Political Economy, Longman Green 1920. Mill, John Stuart (1871a). Principles of Political Economy, 7ed. Sir W. J. Ashley London. pp 289 Mill, John Stuart (1871b). Principles of Political Economy, 7ed. Sir W. J. Ashley London. pp 490-492 Mill, John Stuart (1871c). Principles of Political Economy, 7ed. Sir W. J. Ashley London. pp 610-611 Mises, Ludwig Von (1953a). The Theory of Money and Credit, New Haven: Yale University Press, Press, pp 402 Mises, Ludwig Von (1953b). The Theory of Money and Credit, New Haven: Yale University Press, Press, pp 32 Mises, Ludwig Von (1953c). The Theory of Money and Credit, New Haven: Yale University Press, Press, pp 64-67 Mises, Ludwig Von (1953d). The Theory of Money and Credit, New Haven: Yale University Press, Press, pp 204-206 Mises, Ludwig Von (1953e). The Theory of Money and Credit, New Haven: Yale University Press, Press, pp 246-248 Mises, Ludwig Von (1953f). The Theory of Money and Credit, New Haven: Yale University Press, Press, pp 346-366 Ricardo, David (1951a). “On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation”, Works and Correspondence of David Ricardo, edited by Piero Sraffa, Volume I, p.27-8 Ricardo, David (1951b). ”Notes on Malthus's Principles of Political Economy” The Works and Correspondence of David Ricardo, Vol. II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 365 Ricardo, David (1951c). “Pamphlets and papers 1809-1811”, Works and Correspondence of David Ricardo, edited by Piero Sraffa, Volume III, p.123 Ricardo, David (1951d). “Pamphlets and papers 1815-1823”, Works and Correspondence of David Ricardo, edited by Piero Sraffa, Volume IV, p.321 Ricardo, David (1951e). “Letters 1810--1815”, Works and Correspondence of David Ricardo, edited by Piero Sraffa, Volume VI, p.233 Roger, W. Garrison, ‘Hayekian Trade Cycle Theory: A Reappraisal’ Cato Journal, Vol. 6, no. 2 (fall), 1986 Sato, Yuji. Takenaga, Susumu (2013). Ricardo on Money and Finance: A Bicentenary Reappraisal, Routledge, 2013 Say, Jean-Baptiste (1834). A Treatise on Political Economy. C. R. Prinsep, trans. and Clement C. Biddle., ed. 1855. Library of Economics and Liberty. 8 January 2014. http://www.econlib.org/library/Say/sayT3.html. Schumpeter, Joseph A (1954). History of economic analysis, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0195105599 Skarbek, David (2009). "F. A. Hayek's Influence on Nobel Prize Winners" Review of Austrian Economics 22 (1): 109. DOI: 10.1007/s11138-008-0069-x. Skuosen, Mark (2006). The Big Three in Economics: Adam Smith, Karl Marx and John Maynard Keynes, Routledge P 150-151 Smith, Adam (1776). An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. Edwin Cannan, ed. 1904. Library of Economics and Liberty. 8 March 2015. http://www.econlib.org/library/Smith/smWN.html Trevithick, J. A. (1992). Chapter 3 ‘Old Classical Macroeconomics: the Quantity Theory of Money and its Descendants (pp. 22-31), in Involuntary Unemployment: Macroeconomics from a Keynesian Perspective Wright. E. Robert (2009). “Money and Banking”, Vol 2, Chapter 20. Flat World Education Volkart, Oliver (1997). "Early beginnings of the quantity theory of money and their context in Polish and Prussian monetary policies, c. 1520–1550". Economic History Review (Oxford, UK: Blackwell) 50 (3): 430–449. DOI: 10.1111/1468-0289.00063. ISSN 0013-0117. JSTOR 2599810. Retrieved 14 Jul 2013 Weiss, Dieter (1995). Ibn Khaldun on Economic Transformation, International Journal of Middle East Studies 27 (1), pp.29–37 https://www.ijbed.org/cdn/article_file/i-10_c-106.pdf Farah Durani Ishtiaq Qureshi Money Monetary Theories Classical Neo Classical quantity theory 5605 11 0

107 https://www.ijbed.org/details&cid=107 2016-05-06 Rapid developments in the Indian Economy post-liberalization in 1991 have prompted institutions like the World Bank to forecast that India would be the fourth-largest economy in the world by 2020 (Budhwar and Bhatnagar, 2009). Following globalization, this has attracted a large number of foreign investors and companies to India. HRM in India has evolved as a specialised function (Budhwar and Bhatnagar, 2009). According to Budhwar and Bhatnagar, 2009 India had a long history of labour legislation and industrial relations and there are many challenges to the HRM systems in India, due to the diverse nature of Indias society which is marked by regional, sectoral, socio-cultural and political variation. In such a climate it is extremely difficult to have a uniform HR system. According to Wheatherly and Tansik (1993) employees have to deal with the demands from superiors as well as the needs and wishes of customers. Because of such a boundary spanning role, the retail frontline employees are in dilemma whether to customize the retail services as per customers needs or to obey the organizational guidelines and procedures (Bitner, 1990). This dilemma often leads to job role stress. There are different types of job role stress (Pareek, 1993) of these the research under study deals with the two job role stressors prominent in retail industry job role conflict and job role ambiguity ( Kahn et.al, 1964). According to Heskett et al. (2003) front line employees behavior and Abramis, D. J. (1994), ‘Work role ambiguity, job satisfaction, and job performance: Metaanalyses and review’ Psychological Reports, Vol. 75, pp.1411–1433. Adelman, P. K. (1989), ‘Emotional labor and employee well-being’ Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Aneja, R.K (2006), ‘HR Factor in Retail Largely ignored’, http://www.rediff.com/money/ 2006/dec/30spec.htm Behrman, Douglas N. & Perreault, William D. (1984), ‘A Role Stress Model of the Performance and Satisfaction of Industrial Salespersons’, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 48, pp. 9-21. Bettencourt Lance A. and Stephen W. Brown (1997), ‘Contact Employees: Relationships among Workplace Fairness, Job Satisfaction and Prosocial Service Behaviors,’ Journal of Retailing, Vol. 73 No.4, pp. 39-61. Bettencourt Lance A. and Stephen W. Brown. (2003), ‘Role stressors and customer-oriented boundary-spanning behaviors in service organizations’, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Vol. 31 No. 4, pp. 394-408. Bitner, M.J., (1990), ‘evaluating service encounters: the effects of physical surroundings and employee responses’, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 54, pp. 69-82. Borman, W. C., S. J. Motowidlo. (1993), ‘Expanding the criterion domain to include elements of contextual performance’, N. Schmitt, W. C. Borman, eds. Personnel Selection in Organizations. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA, pp.71–98. Brewster, C. (1999), ‘Strategic Human Resource Management: the Value of Different Paradigms’, Management International Review, Vol. 39, pp.45-64. Brief, Arthur A. and Stephan J. Motowidlo (1986), ‘Prosocial Organizational Behaviors,’Academy of Management Review, Vol. 11 (October), 307-311. Budhwar, P. and Bhatnagar, J. (2009), ‘The Changing Face of People Management in India’, London: Routledge. Chenet, P., Tynan, C., & Money, A. (2000), ‘the service performance gap: Testing the redeveloped causal model’, European Journal of Marketing, Vol.34, pp.472. Dubinsky, A. J., & Mattson, B. E. (1979), ‘Consequences of role conflict and ambiguity experienced by salespeople’, Journal of Retailing, Vol.57, pp. 70–86. George and Kenneth Bettenhausen (1990), ‘Understanding Pro-social Behavior, Sales Performance, and Turnover: A Group-Level Analysis in a Service Context,’Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 75 No. 6, 698-709. Goodwin, C., Radford, R., (1993), ‘Models of service delivery: an integrative perspective’, Advances in Services Marketing and Management, Vol. 2, pp. 231-252. Heskett, J. L., W. E. Sasser, L. A. Schlesinger. (2003), ‘the Value-Profit Chain: Treat Employees like Customers and Customers like Employees’, The Free Press, New York. Hochschild, A. (1983), ‘the managed heart: Commercialization of human feeling’, Berkeley: University of California Press. Hsiung, Hsin-Hua and Wei-Chi Tsai (2009), ‘Job Definition Discrepancy between Supervisors and Subordinates: The Antecedent Role of LMX and Outcomes,’ Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, Vol.82 No.2, pp.89–112. Jyoti Sharma and Arti Devi (2011), ‘Role stress among employees: An empirical study of commercial banks’, Gurukul Business Review (GBR), Vol. 7, pp.53-61. Kahn, R.L., Wolfe, D.M., Quinn, R.P., Snoek, J.D., Rosenthal, R.A. (1964), ‘Organizational Stress: studies in Role Conflict and Ambiguity’, Wiley, New York. Kruml, S. M., & Geddes, D. (2000b), ‘Catching fire without burning out: Is there an ideal way to perform emotion labor?’ In N. M. Ashkanasy, C. E. Härtel, W. J. Zerbe (Eds.), Emotions in the workplace (pp.177-188). Wesport, CT: Greenwood. Kruml, S.M., & Geddes, D. (2000a), ‘Exploring the dimensions of emotional labor: The heart of Hochschild’s work’, Management Communication Quarterly, Vol. 14, pp. 8-49. Micheals, R.E., Day, R.L., Joachimsthaler, E.A., (1987), ‘Role stress among industrial buyers: an integrative model’, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 51, pp.28-45. Mohr, Philip, Kevin Howells, Adam Gerace, Andrew Day, and Michelle Wharton (2007), ‘The Role of Perspective Taking in Anger Arousal’, Personality and Individual Differences, Vol. 43 No.3, pp.507–517. Pareek, U. (1993), Making Organizational Roles Effective, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi. Putnam, L. L., & Mumby, D. K. (1993), ‘Organizations, emotion and the myth of rationality’, In S. Fineman (Ed.), Emotion in organizations (pp. 36-57). London: Sage. Schuler, R. S. (1975), ‘Role perception, satisfaction, and performance: A partial reconciliation’, Journal of Applied Psychology, 65, pp.183–194. Slatterya, Jeffrey P., Selvarajanb T. and Andersonc, John E. (2008), ‘The Influences of New Employee Development Practices upon Role Stressors and Work-related Attitudes of Temporary Employees’, The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 19, No. 12, 2268–2293, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09585190802479512 Van Maanen, J., & Kunda, G. (1989), ‘Real feelings: Emotional expression and organizational culture’ In L. Cummings & B. Staw (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior (pp. 43-103). Greenwich: JAI. Wheatherly, K.A., Tansik, D.A., (1993), ‘Tactics used by customer contact workers: effects of role stress, boundary spanning and control’, International Journal of Service Industry Management, Vol. 4, pp. 4-17. Yousef, D. A. (2000), ‘the interactive effects of role conflict and role ambiguity on job satisfaction and attitudes toward organizational change: A moderated multiple regression approach’, International Journal of Stress Management, Vol.7, pp.289–303. https://www.ijbed.org/cdn/article_file/i-10_c-107.pdf Kasturi Naik Srini R. Srinivasan Role conflict role ambiguity frontline employee departmental stores customers stress 5158 10 0

108 https://www.ijbed.org/details&cid=108 2016-05-06 Global warming with its attendant consequences such as extreme heat, natural disasters, poor air quality and allergens has increased health problems. The risk of injury, illness and resulting death among inhabitants are expected to be frequent and intense especially in areas with heavy industrial presence. The current low level of literacy and the socio-economic situation of Nigerians could be responsible for their low consciousness of these unpreventable changes in our climate in one hand and lack of willingness on the part of people to seek environmental health and safety information on the causes, effect and how to mitigate global warming on the other hand. This study focuses on the assessment of knowledge and awareness of causes, effects and mitigating measures of global warming among inhabitants of industrial areas of Ibadan southwestern Nigeria. In this descriptive survey, a purposive sampling technique was used to select 200 respondents from among the inhabitants of this area. A questionnaire with a reliability coefficient (r) of 0.78 was used for data collection. Two research questions were answered and three hypotheses tested at a 0.05 level of significance. Statistical methods such as Chi-square, frequency count, simple percentage and pie chart were used for data analysis. Results showed that only 20% had 34.0% had negative attitude while 81 (40.5%) were indifferent, all the three hypotheses were rejected. Consequently, it was deduced that respondents have significant knowledge Barnett F. 2005. Penetration of human induced warming into the world’s oceans. Science, 309 284–287. Chukwu, G.U. & Asiegbu, A.D. 2011. Global warming and climate change: impacts and implications.  International Journal of Current ResearchVol.33, Issue, 6, pp.112-115, Retrieved on 20/08/2015 from https://www.academia.edu/4879177/global_warming_and_climate_change_impac Folorunsho, R. & Awosika, L.F., 2001. Flood Mitigation in Lagos, Nigeria through Wise  Management of Solid Waste: a case of Ikoyi and Victoria Islands; Nigerian, Paper presented at the UNESCO-CSI workshop, Maputo 19-23 November 2001. Hastenrath, 2001. Climate dynamics of the tropics. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands, 488 p International Panel on Climate Change, 2001. Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Edited by J.T. Houghton, Y. Ding,D.J. Griggs, M. Noguer, P.J. Van der Linden, X. Dai, K. Maskell, and C.A. Johnson. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. Retrieved on 20/04/2013 from (http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/index.htm) Karl, T.R. 2008. Annexed A “Regional Trends and Variations of Temperature and Precipitation” The Regional Impacts of Climate Change. IPCC WGII, Cambridge University Press. Kattenberg, K.Maskell) Cambridge University Press King, D.A. 2004. Climate change science: Adapt, mitigate, or ignore? Science, 303, 176–177. National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), (2004). Climate of 2003 in Historical Perspective.http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/research/2003/ann/ann 03.html#Major%2 Naurzbaev, M. M. & Vaganov, E. A. 2000. Extraordinary Warmth in the 20th Century? J. Geophys Res 105:7315-7326 Odemerho, F.O. 2004. Benin City: A Case Study of Urban Flood Problems” In Sada P.O & Odemerho F. O (eds) Environmental Issues and Management in Nigeria development. Evans Brothers Nig. Publishers Ltd. Odjugo, P. A.O. 2010. Regional evidence of climate change in Nigeria. Journal of Geography and Regional Planning, 3(6), 142-150. Retrieved on 20/08/2015 from http://www.academicjournals.org/journal/JGRP/article-abstract/6B7E2F539670 Okereke, R. A. 2011. Incidence of Flooding in Southern Nigeria, International Journal of Environmental Issues 5 (1 &2). Onibokun, A. 2015. Global warming and Nigeria. Retrieved on 20/08/2015 from http://www.informationng.com/2012/02/global-warming-and-nigeria.html Oshuntokun, A. 2003. Environmental Problems of Nigeria. Lagos: Friedrich Ebert Foundation. Parker, C. 2011. Dying for growth: industrialization, climate change, and health effects. Retrieved 20/08/2015 from http://www.psr.org/chapters/student-chapters/rx-for-survival-2011/dying-for-growth.html Peterson, T.C. & Vose, R.S. 2007. An Overview of the Global Historical Climatology Network Temperature Database Bull Amer Meteor Soc78:2837-2849 Physicians for Social Responsibility, (2015). Global warming thermometer. Retrieved on 20/08/2015 from  http://www.climate-change-emergency-medical-response.org/physicians-for-social responsibility.html Physicians for Social Responsibility, 2015. Climate change is a treat to health 2015. Retrieved on 20/08/2015 from http://www.psr.org/environment-and-health/climate-change.html Still, C.J., Foster, P.N. & Schneider, S.H. (2009). Simulating the effects of climate change on tropical montane cloud forests. Nature, 398, 608–610. Titus, J.G. 2000. Greenhouse effect, sea level rise, and barrier islands: Case study of Long Beach Island, New Jersey. Coastal Management, 18, 65-90. Tunde, A. M., Adeleke, E. A. & Adeniyi, E. E. 2012. Impact of Climate Variability on Human Health in Ilorin, Nigeria Environment and Natural Resources Research vol 3 no1 Retrieved on 20/08/2015 from  http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/enrr/article/view/22404 Union of concerned scientist, 2011. Climate hot map: global warming effects around the world. Retrieved on 20/08/2015 Retrieved on 20/08/2015 from  http://www.climatehotmap.org/global warming-effects/health.html https://www.ijbed.org/cdn/article_file/i-10_c-108.pdf Ruth Ochanya Adio-Moses Aladejana J. A. Knowledge global warming environment greenhouse effect atmosphere 5166 7 0

109 https://www.ijbed.org/details&cid=109 2016-05-06 The purposes of this study are to investigate the relationship between antecedents and consequences of audit value added (AVA). AVA is performance of the auditors who work with dedication and commitment to quality work and usefulness for user. AVA composes three dimensions as well as audit best practice, audit continuous learning, and professional ethic awareness. The results from the questionnaire survey of 135 CPAs in Thailand. The findings identified that only two dimensions of AVA has positive relationship with all consequences as well as audit continuous learning and professional ethic awareness. Which the consequences of this study are financial information transparency, stakeholder acceptance, and audit survival. In addition, the finding shows the relationship between antecedence and audit value added are positive significant. Which the antecedence of this study are Stakeholder pressure, audit regulation change, and business environment climate. Surprisingly, have not significant the relationship between audit best practice that dimensions of audit value added and consequences. The summary of this paper not only provides theoretical and managerial contributions but also suggestions and directions of the future research are elaborate. Abreu Rute., 2015. From Legitimacy to Accounting and Auditing for Citizenship. Procedia Economics and Finance 23, 665-670. Barney, Jay B., 2001. Resource-Based Theories of Competitive Advantage: A Ten-Year Retrospective on the Resource-Based View. Journal of Management, 27(6), 643–650. Barney, Jay B., 1991. Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1), 99–120. Graham, L. and J.C. Bedard. 2003. Fraud Risk and Audit Planning. International Journal of Auditing 7. 55-77. Ginzberge, M. 1986. An Organizational Contingencies View of Accounting and Information Systems Implementation. Accounting, Organizations and Society 5. 369-382. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B., Anderson, R. E. and Tatham, R. L., 2006. Multivariate Data Analysis, 6th Ed, Prentice Hall. Hair, J.F., R.E. Anderson., R.L. Tatham., and W.C. Black., 1998. Multivariate Data Analysis, 6th Ed., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice Hall. Kangtao Ye, Yingli Cheng, and Jingyu Gao., 2014. How Individual Auditor Characteristics Impact the Likelihood of Audit Failure: Evidence From China. Advances in Accounting, Incorporating Advances in International Accounting 30, 394-401. Kent, P., L. Munro and T. Gambling. 2006. Psychological Characteristics Contributing to expertise in Audit Judgment. International Journal of Auditing  10, 125-141. Leung P.W. and Trotman K.T. 2005. The Effects of Feedback Type on Auditor Judgment Performance for Configural and Non-Configural. Accounting, Organization and Society 30. 537-553. Nunually, Jum C., and Bernstein, Ira H., 1994. Psychometric Theory. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Salleh and Jasmani., 2014. Audit Rotation and Audit Report: Empirical Evidence from Malasian PLCs over the Period of the Year. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences 145, 40-50. Sikka P. 2015. The Corrosive Effects of Neoliberalism on th U Financial Crises and Auditing Practices: A Dead-End for Reforms. Accounting Forum 39, 1-18. https://www.ijbed.org/cdn/article_file/i-10_c-109.pdf Seerungrat Sudsomboon Phaitoon Intakun Audit Value Added Audit Best Practice Audit Continuous Learning Professional Ethic Awareness Financial Information Transparency Stakeholder Acceptance Audit Survival Stakeholder Pressure Audit Regulation Change Business Environment Climate 4942 9 0